Exercise 3. Read and translate text A.
Text A. PUBLIC BUILDINGS
Because of their intensive urban life the Romans developed a range of varied public building types. The largest of these, meant to accommodate public amusements, were not covered, but others had large volumes covered with concrete vaults of various shapes.
Roman theaters, derived from Greek models, were the scene for revivals of Greek plays as well as the production of newer, Roman works. They were not located near temples but instead near the business centre of the Roman city; and since they were not built into the sides of sacred acropolises, Roman theatres had their seats ramped up on tilted vaults raised on stone piers. The basic form of the Roman theatre was crystallized in the Theatre of Marcellus, Rome projected by Augustus himself built under the direction of Marcus Agrippa and dedicated about 12 B.C. The seats were inclined on a system of radiating and tilted concrete barrel vaults supported by radiating stone piers, between which threaded the stairs and ramps leading to the sections of seating. The outer curved wall was opened up by superimposed arcades of travertine* faced with engaged orders—unfluted Doric at the lower level and Ionic on the second level (the treatment of the third level is not known, for it was rebuilt during the Middle Ages). Unlike Greek theatres, Roman theatres were exactly semicircular, with a half-circle orchestra where Senators were often seated; the Theatre of Marcellus measured 365 feet (111 meters) in diameter. In its three tiers of seats, each one pitched more steeply than the one below, the Theatre of Marcellus could accommodate eleven thousand spectators.
* travertine – известковый туф
Exercise 4. Translate the words:
ramp up, tilt, curve, semicircular, pier, pitch (v., n.), diameter, treatment, stone, incline, seat, locate, temple, volume, cover (v., n.), high, height, stairs, ramp, urban, rural, raise, model, works, order (n.).
Exercise 5. Choose the right translation from A to B:
A: ramp, tilt, pier, stone, curve, temple, rural, urban, semicircular, volume, pitch, treatment, level, typical, exactly, permanent, vault, shape, rebuild, rear.
B: перестраивать, постоянный, форма, типовой, свод, уклон (пандус), наклонять, городской, сельский, изгибать (-ся), опора, уровень, камень, точно, храм, полукруглый, объем, уклон (скат) (крыши), обработка, задний (задняя часть).
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Exercise 6. Are these meanings correct or incorrect? Correct the mistakes:
tilt – наращивать
semicircular – круглый
pier – опора
ramp – скат (крыши)
pitch – пандус
temple – гробница
permanent – временный
vault – свод
lead – вести
concrete – бетон
side – размер
urban – городской
raise – поднимать
locate – выдерживать
radiating – радиация
Exercise 7. Translate the following word combinations:
intensive urban life, varied public building type, tilted concrete barrel vault, Greek model, Roman works, business centre, radiating stone pier, basic form, outer curved wall, lower level, Middle Ages, half-circle orchestra, rear wall, pitched roof, business centre, Greek theatre, semicircular seatings.
Exercise 8. Translate and explain:
build – rebuild
develop – redevelop
use – reuse
circular – semicircular
circle – half-circle
impose – superimpose
like (adj.) – unlike
treatment – pretreatment
fluted – unfluted
Exercise 9. Translate the sentences paying attention to Complex Object and Complex Subject.
1. This construction proved to enlarge the building vertically.
2. All walls are considered to provide resistance to passage of fire.
3. This seems to be a lightweight structure.
4. This engineer expected the dead weight of the roof deck to keep the roof from fluttering in the wind.
5. The outer walls are known to be rigid grids.
6. We know brick and concrete units to be manufactured in standard sizes.
7. The Theatre of Marcellus is claimed to have accommodated eleven thousand people.
8. The structure is supposed to be a rectangular block.
9. The parts of the building seemed to be compressed into one another.
10. The engineers expect the beam to be cracked at the bottom.
11. Another structural type proved to be basic to large constructions in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
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12. Three dimensional trusses are known to have a clear span of 342 ft.
13. We consider the truss to enclose vast spaces.
14. A shell is known to be curved or folded in only one direction.
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