Exercise 9. Translate the sentences paying attention to Gerund.
1. The dead weight of the roof deck kept the roof from fluttering in the wind.
2. Glazing is done on site.
3. This column fulfills the function of resisting.
4. The exterior walls are necessary for carrying the loads.
5. The concrete floor units are capable of carrying a load of up to 5 kN/ sq m.
6. These panels are installed for lining the walls.
7. The panels are capable of being removed.
8. The internal sills are cavity for heating services.
9. Engineers are aware of the problems involved in laying building’s foundations.
10. Too little allowance is made for possibility of a heavy structure’s sinking unevenly.
11. By examining the sample the engineer can know the shifts in the earth during and after building.
12. These are solid shafts made either by driving reinforced concrete into the ground or by boring holes in the earth and pouring in the concrete.
13. It may be a question of a building’s floating.
14. Friction prevents a foundation from sinking.
Exercise 10. Read and translate text B with a dictionary. Try to retell this text.
Text B. WALLS
A very important part of any structure is a wall. Walls may be constructed in different forms. The walls include windows and doors, heads and sills, stanchion* casings and inner lining panels. The doors and windows provide for controlled passage of environmental factors and people through the wall line. The aluminum heads, sills and windows are fixed from inside the building. After this, the 900 mm and 1.800 mm wide exterior doors are installed. These doors are aluminum framed and pre-glazed or hardwood framed and glazing is done on site. All walls are also designed to provide resistance to passage of fire for some defined period of time, such as a one-hour wall. The function of resisting fire fulfills stanchions. The stanchions are enclosed in casings.
That's why any engineer must know all methods of constructing walls for buildings. Of cause walls are made of various materials to serve several functions. The wails are divided into interior and exterior walls. The exterior walls protect the building interior from external environmental effects such as heat and cold, sunlight, ultraviolet radiation, rain, sound, while containing desirable interior environmental conditions. The exterior walls arc made up of brick cladding, wall planks. The wall planks are designed to be weatherproof and to support the outer cladding. The wall planks and floor units are fixed only while the steel frame is being erected. The concrete floor units are capable of carrying a load of up to 5 kN/ sq m**. Finally, the internal' sills and lining panels are installed. The lining panels are capable of being removed to give access to the services. The lining panels and the internal sills are cavity for heating and electrical services.
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* – stanchion – опора, стойка, колонна
** – kN/sq m – кН/кв. м
Exercise 11. Translate the words :
решетка, мачта, центральный ствол со стояками инженерных сетей, башнеподобная конструкция, прикреплять, верхняя часть, доставлять, уровень, зона, кабель, стрела (крана).
Exercise 12. Note in the texts of this unit:
a. Passive Voice
b. Noun-groups
c. Modal verbs
d. ed-forms
UNIT 11
Exercise 1. Translate the following:
either…or…, both…and…, most, with, the same, by, nearly, within, for, due to, compared to, following, but, by, about, provided, in case, a series of, until.
Exercise 2. Words to be remembered:
agora – агора
production – производство
pottery – (керамическое) гончарное изделие
metalwork – металлическая конструкция
pitched roof – покатая крыша
pitch (v., n.) – устанавливать, уклон ската крыши
unit – единица, секция
internal – внутренний
chamber – камера, помещение, комната
line (v.) – облицовывать
exedra – экседра, гостиная, зал, ротонда
stoa – портик, стоа (крытая колоннада)
Exercise 3. Read and translate text A.
Text A. DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE
Since most civic and commercial business was transacted in the open air in the agora, the private houses of the Greeks generally were small until the fourth century B.C., when Greek culture entered a new phase called Hellenistic. Artisans'* houses discovered west of the Athenian acropolis show how the plans were adapted to the irregular street pattern. In such artisans homes there might be a room set aside for the production of pottery or metalwork. Aside from this the house consisted of a small court open to the sky, with a series of rooms opening on to it. Of one storey, these houses usually had roofs pitched inward toward the central open court In Priene because of the regular blocks, the houses were rectangles. Typically these had an exedrato the south of a central court, sheltered from the sun and winds, and a megaron** or «oikos», the major public room.
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PUBLIC BUILDINGS (I)
Compared to the number, types, and size of Roman public buildings, Greek public buildings were more limited. Perhaps most important in function were the stoas that lined and defined the agoras. Long rectangular buildings and open on one side to face the agora, these often had an internal row of columns down the middle to support the roof or the upper floor, and small chambers in a row along the back for storekeepers and offices. Following the Classical period, stoas became quite long, as illustrated by the 117-foot (35.7 meters) stoa given to Athens by King Attalos of Pergamum and built c.150 B.C. on the east side of the agora. Various covered halls were built to accommodate small groups of people. The bouletarion*** was one type, designed to house the council, of the polis. The bouletarion of Athens, on the west side of the agora, was larger than most, but the small bouletarion at Priene, built about 200 B.C., survives in better condition. Measuring nearly 60 by 66 feet (18.5 by 20 meters), it had tiers of benches on three sides, providing seating for about seven hundred people, and could probably have housed nearly all the voting citizens of Priene whose total population must have been about four thousand. Around the topmost seats were fourteen supports, reducing the span required of the wooden truss roof to roughly 47% feet (14.5 meters), a considerable span at that time.
* artisan – ремесленник, кустарь
** megaron – греческий дом прямоугольного плана с очагом посередине
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*** bouletarion – булевтерион (Дом Совета, здание Сената)
Exercise 4. Translate the words:
chamber, metalwork, production, pottery, unit, rectangle, adapt, line (v., n.), production, type, size, define, agora, upper, house (v), polis, accommodate, survive, reduce, roughly, span, truss.
Exercise 5. Choose the right translation from A to B:
A: line (v), chamber, unit, production, agora, type, internal, external, upper, metalwork, pottery, rectangular, provide, function, row, size, column, consist of, pattern.
B: образец, единица (секция), тип, колонна, ряд, облицовывать, комната, производство, размер, функция, состоять из, верхний, металлоконструкция, агора, гончарное изделие, обеспечивать, прямоугольный, внешний, внутренний.
Exercise 6. Are these meanings correct or incorrect? Correct the mistakes:
metalwork – работа с металлом
type – тип
condition – условие
chamber – палата
pattern – партнер
unit – единица
agora – агора
pitch – конек крыши
pottery – гончарное изделие
roof – крыша
house – вмещать
production – продукт
side – сторона
size – размер
Exercise 7. Translate the following word combinations:
private house, irregular street pattern, central open court, pitched roof, internal column row, upper floor, topmost seats, wooden truss roof, considerable span, public building, pottery production, unit type, single unit, domestic architecture, rectangular structure, city plan.
Exercise 8. Translate the following words as nouns and verbs:
house, span, line, design, pitch, limit, support, face, concrete, plan, feature, cover, project, work, order, level, measure, range, rate.
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