Exercise 9. Translate the sentences paying attention to Participle I.
1. When looking at the structure we may feel the tension.
2. The wall could be cut away and replaced with slender blocks to form columns with lintels spanning the spaces between them.
3. Wood being a fibrous material can span significant distances.
4. Stone being crystalline material has less tensile strength than fibrous wood.
5. A wooden beam can carry a load that would crack a stone beam carrying the same load.
6. We are constructing this modern house now.
7. There are a great number of plants producing precast reinforced concrete elements.
8. Concrete yard runways should be above the level of the surrounding yard.
9. It was a large plant producing precast concrete elements.
10. The forces at the base of an arch of this shape are not going straight down.
11. Additional barrel vaults intersected resulting in a groin vault.
12. Eero Saarinen devised sweeping reinforced concrete cantilevered shells.
13. A space frame can be supported at any of the junctures of its members permitting large cantilevers.
14. This dome consists of a folded plate which rests on a series of radial supports reaching upward from a footing ring at the base.
15. Examining samples of the earth from various depths the engineer can forecast the probable shifts in the earth.
Exercise 10. Read and translate text B with a dictionary. Write a summary of the text.
Text B.
We have mentioned some problems connected with building. One of them is a foundation. Architects and engineers are aware of the problems involved in laying building's foundations. They do not always realize to what extent the earth can be pressed down by the weight of a building. Too little allowance has sometimes been made for the possibility of a heavy structure’s sinking unevenly. There are a lot of examples of foundations1 problems. One of them is the Leaning Tower of Pisa. Why did the Leaning Tower of Pisa lean? The answer is that its foundations were not soundly laid. Though the Leaning Tower is 14 feet out of the perpendicular, it has never toppled. But there is a way out. As the building began to lean over, the builders altered the design of the upper storeys to balance it. At the same time as one side of it sank into the ground, the earth beneath was compressed until it became dense enough to prevent further movement.
That's why a foundation engineer has a lot of work. But in a tall modern structure the load may be very heavy indeed. In this way the foundation engineer has an extremely important job to do. He must have understanding of soil mechanics, which entails a scientific study of the ground to see what load it can be without dangerous movement. The engineer must collect undisturbed samples of earth from various depths. By examining this, the engineer can forecast the probable shifts in the earth during and after building, according to the sort of the foundation he designs. Thus he comes to the most important decision of all in the building's construction. He decides whether the earth is a type that can best support each column on a separate solid block, or whether he must aim at lightness.
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Exercise 11. Translate the words :
шов, транспортировать, опираться на, проект, пролет, труба, изгиб, грань, опорное кольцо, применять.
Exercise 12. Note in text B:
a. s- endings
b. That-functions
c. Modal verbs
UNIT 9
Exercise 1. Read the following:
6/7; 365 B.C.; 816 A.D.; 1/3; 1/5; 1/2; 8/9; 0.75; 2.426; 0.6; 0.25; 3.756; 0.5; 0.25.
Exercise 2. Words to be remembered:
suspension bridge – подвесной мост
iron – железо
chain – цепь
tension – растяжение
bottom – дно, нижняя часть
freeze – замораживать
derive – заимствовать
at the turn of the century – в начале века
to be interested in – интересоваться чем-либо (кем-либо)
parabolic – параболический
rink – спортивное сооружение, каток
deck – настил
lightweight structure – легкая конструкция
dead weight – собственный вес
live weight – рабочий (временный) вес
flutter (v., n.) – вибрация, вибрировать
Exercise 3. Read and translate text A.
Text A. SUSPENSION STRUCTURES (I)
Technologically primitive societies use lines and ropes for suspension bridges. Beginning in the early nineteen century, suspension bridges began to be built of iron chains, and then bundled steel wire cables. The classic example of the modern suspension bridge is the Brooklyn Bridge, begun by John Augustus Roebling in 1867 and finished by his son, George Washington Roebling in 1883. In this bridge steel wire was used in the cables for the first time. It has remained the model for suspension bridges since its construction.
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Only since 1955 has the principle of cables in tension been used extensively for buildings. A tension structure is especially efficient, since the entire cable is in tension, whereas most other structural forms have mixed stresses (as in a simple beam which is in compression along the top and in tension along the bottom). A suspended cable is an ideal structural form, for it is entirely in tension. In fact, if it were possible to freeze that form and invert it, the result would be a parabolic arch virtually entirely in compression. Such arches and vault forms derived from them, were used by the Spanish architect Antoni Gaudi last century in Barcelona, Spain.
Eero Saarinen also used suspension in a number of buildings. Saarinen put up a reinforced concrete parabolic arch the length of the rink, suspending cables from that arch down to curved walls on either side of the rink. A wooden roof deck was then laid on the cables, Saarinen enlarged on this idea in his Dulles Airport Terminal, outside Washington, D.C., 1958-62. Here two rows were created of outward-leaning columns, curving over at the top to carry beams running the length of the terminal. Between these two parallel beams, cables were suspended. Concrete slabs were placed on the cables to create the roof deck. This may not seem a lightweight structure, but the dead weight of the roof deck was necessary to keep the roof from fluttering in the wind.
Exercise 4. Translate the words:
deck, iron, bottom, parabolic, rope, chain, cable, model, tension, compression, vault, rink, column, top, length, beam, suspend, slab, row, wall, freeze, entirely, invert, result, side, carry, remain, construction.
Exercise 5. Choose the right translation from A to B:
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A: iron, steel, deck, vault, derive, tension, chain, compression, cable, rope, top, bottom, length, side, row, beam, suspend, slab, weight.
B: длина, железо, ряд, подвешивать, плита, вес, сталь, свод, цепь, настил, заимствовать, растяжение, сжатие, трос, балка, кабель, нижняя часть, верхняя часть, сторона.
Exercise 6. Are these meanings correct or incorrect? Correct the mistakes:
flutter – вибрация
dead weight – мертвый вес
top – верхняя часть
deck – палуба
bottom – нижняя часть
live weight – временный вес
chain – цепь
tension – сжатие
parabolic – параболический
cable – кабель
derive – заимствовать
freeze – замораживать
wire – трос
arch – арка
Exercise 7. Translate the following word combinations:
dead weight, live weight, modern suspension bridge, steel wire cable, suspended cable, ideal structural form, reinforced concrete, parabolic arch, wooden roof deck, concrete slab, lightweight structure, mixed stresses.
Exercise 8. Guess the meaning of the following words:
steel, cable, model, efficient, result, arch, idea, terminal, parallel, parabolic, form, classic, primitive, column, principle, vertical, dilemma, crane, architect, central, material, diameter, section.
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