Exercise 8. Read and translate text B with a dictionary. Write a summary of the text.
Text B.
The science of building is Architecture. Any engineer can’t take a form of the building without consideration of structural principles, materials, social and economic requirements. So, a building cannot be considered as a work of architecture. From the very beginning architecture of many skills, systems and theories have been used for the construction of the buildings that men have housed in all their essential activities. The coexistence of change and survival is evident in all phases of the human story. This change and repetition is clearly illustrated in any architectural style. The historical background of architecture is the value of our cultural heritage. The heritage of the past cannot be ignored. Such recognition of continuity does not imply repetition or imitation. It must be expressed in contemporary terminology. Writing on architecture is almost as old as writing itself. There are a lot of books on the theory of architecture, on the art of a building and on the aesthetic appearance of buildings. The oldest book is a work of Marcus Vitruvius Pollio, written in the first century B.C. Nearly two thousand years ago the Roman architect Vitruvius set the principles upon which buildings should be designed and aims to guide the architect. He was the first who listed three basic factors in architecture — "convenience, strength and beauty". The sequence of these three basic aims — "convenience, strength and beauty" — has its own significance.
Exercise 9. Translate from English into Russian. Define the syntax functions of the underlined words.
1. The arch can be made up of stone, but it has two great advantages.
2. Masonry arch is made up of many smaller parts.
3. Because of the physics involved, the arch can span much greater distances than can a stone lintel.
4. Each voussoir is subjected to compressive forces.
5. The arch becomes self-supporting and the centering can be removedto be used to build the next arch.
6. These lateral forces would cause the base of the arch to spread unless suitably restrained.
7. In an arch that has no wall bearing down on it there is another problem – the arch’s own weight.
8. From the very beginning systems and theories have been used for the construction of the buildings that men have housed in all their essential activities.
Exercise 10. Translate the words :
ограничивать, устранять, укладывать, производить, распределять, арка, замковый камень, увеличивать, подвергаться воздействию, подстилающая порода.
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Exercise 11. Note in the texts of this unit:
a. Comparative and superlative forms
b. Noun groups
c. Modal Verbs
d. ed-forms
e. ing-forms
f. That-functions
UNIT 5
Exercise 1.Translate the auxiliary words:
one, ones, that, in the case of, such, since, along, by, so that, thus, as.
Exercise 2. Words to be remembered:
arcuated structure – аркообразное (дугообразное) сооружение
flat plane – плоскость
vault – свод
tunnel (barrel) vault – цилиндрический свод
solid – жесткий
buttress – подпорка, опора
intersect – пересекать
groin vault – крестовый свод
lunette – люнет (арочный проем в стене)
arrangement – расположение
foot of the vault – основание свода
dome – купол
shell – каркас, остов, свод-оболочка
oculus – круглое окно, отверстие в вершине купола
wall of the drum – стена барабана купола
niche – ниша
viscous material – вязкий, клейкий материал
aggregate – заполнитель
lime – известняк
cement (v., n.) – цементировать, цемент
basalt – базальт
pumice – пемза, пористый вулканический материал
foundation ring – кольцо фундамента
binding – связующий
Exercise 3. Read and translate text A.
Text A. VAULTS (part I)
An arcuated structure, the one built up of arches, acts structurally on a flat plane, but if the arch is imagined pushed through space, the form that results is a vault. In the case of a semicircular arch, the resulting vault is called a tunnel or barrel vault.
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Usually such vaults are placed up on walls, but since the solid barrel vault is heavy, this causes the walls to spread out at the top. These lateral forces can be resisted by substantial buttresses along the walls or by thickening the wall. An example of a barrel vault raised to great height is the nave of Saint-Sernin, Toulouse, France, begun 1080. But, as Saint-Sernin also shows, solid barrel vaults result in dark interiors. A solution devised earlier by the Romans was to run additional barrel vaults at right angles to the main vault so that they intersected, resulting in a groin vault, opened up by wide semicircular lunettes at each end and along the sides. With this arrangement, the forces are channeled down along the groins where the vaults intersect and are concentrated at points at the foot of the vaults.
An arch rotated in three dimensions about its center generates a dome; a semicircular arch thus makes a hemispherical dome. The dome is a massive shell of concrete, 4 feet (1.2 meters) thick at the top, where there is the broad, single opening of the eye, or oculus, 30 feet (9.1 meters) across. The wall of the drum below, also 21 feet (6.4 meters) thick and supporting the five thousand tons of the dome, is hollowed out by niches 14 feet (4.3 meters) deep, so that in fact it functions structurally as sixteen radial buttresses, connected at their tops by radial barrel vaults.
The weight of the concrete per cubic foot in the Pantheon was varied by the Roman architects and engineers by means of the materials used to make up the concrete. Concrete is a thick viscous material mixed of water, an aggregate of broken rock (caementa in Latin), and a binding material derived from lime that will cement everything together. In the concrete of the Pantheon, the rock aggregate was varied from the very densest and heaviest basalt in the foundation ring, where the greatest weight had to be carried, to pumice in the part of the dome nearest the oculus, in an effort to reduce the loads from above.
Exercise 4. Translate the words:
vault, buttress, lunette, shell, dome, aggregate, basalt, oculus, lime, nave, cement, devise, effort.
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Exercise 5. Choose the right translation from A to B:
A: vault, dome, shell, cement, intersect, arrangement, solution, point, generate, buttress.
B: купол, цемент, пересекать, решение, расположение, образовывать, точка, опора, свод, каркас.
Exercise 6. Are these meanings correct or incorrect? Correct the mistakes:
aggregate – агрегат
devise – устройство
lime – глина
vary – изменяться
foundation – фундамент
build up – размещать
cause – приводить к ч-л.
connect – распределять
bind – строить
Exercise 7. Translate the following word combinations:
tunnel vault, semicircular arch, result in, groin vault, foot of the vaults, massive shell, wall of the drum, viscous material, aggregate of broken rock, binding material.
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