Exercise 8. Read and translate text B with a dictionary. Write a summary of the text.
Text B.
Engineering is a complex discipline, including a lot of fields. One of them is an architectural engineering. It is a discipline that deals with the technological aspects of buildings. They are the properties and behavior of building materials and their components, foundation design, structural analysis and design, construction management, and building operation. Besides, architectural engineering deals with environmental system analysis and design. Every engineer knows an environmental system, which may account for 45-70% of a building's cost, includes heating, ventilating and air conditioning, illumination, building power system, plumbing and piping, storm drainage, building communications, acoustic, vertical and horizontal transportation, fire protection, alternate energy sources, heat recovery, and energy conservation. In addition, it is necessary to help protect everybody from unnecessary risk. That's why architectural engineers must know and be familiar with the various building codes, plumbing, electrical and mechanical codes, and the Life Safety Code. The latter code is designed to require planning and construction techniques in buildings which will minimize possible hazards to the occupants.
Exercise 9. Translate from English into Russian. Define the syntax functions of the underlined words.
1. A room enclosed with walls has no light or view, so the wall must be opened up.
2. The blocks or bricks over that opening must be supported against the pull of gravity.
3. The wall could also be cut away, so to speak, and replaced with slender stacks of blocks to form columns.
4. The post and lintel system is as old as human construction in permanent materials.
5. In fact humans have been using posts and beams for several hundred thousand years.
6. The lower part is stretched and is said to be in tension.
7. The latter code is designed to require planning and construction techniques.
Exercise 10. Translate the words :
тянуть, балка, стоечно-балочная конструкция, прочный, пилястра, консоль, применять, поддерживать, сжимать, нагрузка.
Exercise 11. Note in the texts of this unit:
a. That-forms
b. Noun groups
c. Modal verbs
d. ed-forms
e. ing-forms
UNIT 3
Exercise 1.Translate the auxiliary words:
as, does, these, along, so that, over, as well as.
Exercise 2. Words to be remembered:
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fibrous material – волокнистый материал
resist – противостоять
tensile stress –напряжение при растяжении
wrought iron – кованное железо
span(v., n.) – пролет, перекрывать расстояние
tensile strength – прочность при растяжении
crack – растрескиваться
deform – деформировать
force (v., n.) – прикладывать силу, сила
collapse – разрушать
solid – твердый
crystalline – с кристаллической структурой
carry – нести
compressive strength – прочность при сжатии
formwork – опалубка
liquid – жидкий
pour – лить
reinforced concrete – железобетон
hollow out – опустошать
reduce – уменьшать
iron bar – железный брус.
Exercise 3. Read and translate text A.
Text A. THE POST AND LINTEL (part 2)
Wood, being a fibrous material, resists tensile stresses well, as does wrought iron and modern steel, and beams of these materials can span significant distances. The tensile forces along the bottom of a beam for along the top of a cantilever are determined by the length of the span and the load placed on the beam. It happens so that eventually, given a span and a load sufficiently great, the tensile strength of the material will be exceeded. The beam will crack at the bottom or deform along the top (or both) and will collapse. Stone and solid concrete, being crystalline materials, have less tensile strength than fibrous wood, and a wooden beam over a given span can carry a load that would crack a stone beam carrying the same load. Of course, the stone beam starts out being far heavier by itself.
The solution, in beams of concrete, which has great compressive strength, is to place something within the concrete that will take the tensile forces. This was done by the Romans, as well as in modern times, by placing iron (and now steel) rods in the formwork into which the liquid concrete is then poured. The result is reinforced concrete. The steel is placed where the tensile forces accumulate — on the bottoms of beams and at the top of cantilevers. The Greeks also faced this problem. The central opening of the gateway to the Akropolis in Athens, the Propylaia, built 437-32 B.C., had to accommodate the passage of pairs of sacrificial oxen with their handlers; the result was a span of 18 feet (5.5 meters), far too great for a solid block of marble that also had to carry the roof. The solution adopted by the architect, Mnesikles, was to hollow out the beam to reduce its own weight (it still weighed eleven tons) and to place iron bars along the top of the beam, tо carry the weight of the marble blocks above. In this unique instance, the iron bars are at the top of the beam, not the bottom, where they would be expected. Even so, over the centuries cracks developed in this lintel beam.
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Exercise 4. Translate the words:
wood, beams, span(v., n.), crack, deform, exceed, top, collapse, force, rod, formwork, opening, roof, reduce, accommodate, accumulate, solution, determine, opening.
Exercise 5. Choose the right translation from A to B :
A: resist, span, crack, deform, formwork, reduce, pour, bar, rod, fibrous, liquid.
B: пролет, уменьшать, растрескиваться, стержень, брусок, жидкий, противостоять, деформировать, лить, опалубка, волокнистый.
Exercise 6. Are these meanings correct or incorrect? Correct the mistakes:
expect – предлагать
develop – развивать
determine – уменьшать
reduce – определять
solution - решение
crack – перекрывать
span – растрескиваться
formwork – брусок
resist – противостоять
pour – лить
Exercise 7. Translate the following word combinations:
fibrous material, tensile strength, wrought iron, modern steel, tensile stress, wooden beam, carry a load, compressive strength, iron rod, reinforced concrete, face the problem, solid block of marble, iron bars.
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