Exercise 5. Choose the right translation from A to B:
A: significant, sufficient, mix, contain, destroy, devise, place, remain, remove, touch, aggregate.
B: касаться, достаточный, заполнитель, изобретать, удалять, разрушать, содержать, размещать, смешивать, оставаться, удалять.
Exercise 6. Are these meanings correct or incorrect? Correct the mistakes:
structure – структура
construction – строение
mortar – бетон
concrete – кирпич
vault – арка
brick – песок
tensile force – сила при растяжении
formwork – форма
result in – воздействовать
result from – являться причиной
Exercise 7. Translate the following word combinations:
mid-nineteenth century, tensile forces, thick viscous material, arch construction, wooden structures, circular plans, adjacent spaces, square plan, curved triangle-shaped spherical segment, corners of the square, result from, result in, excellent example, the space enclosed, the extended half-domes, barrel-vaulted spaces, total clear distance.
Exercise 8. Read and translate text B with a dictionary. Write a summary of the text.
Text B.
The present state of building construction is complex. There is wide range of products and systems which are aimed primarily at groups of building types. We know about a great role of thedesignprocess for buildings. It draws upon research establishment that study material properties and performance, code officials Lastones adopt and enforce safety standards and design professionalswhodetermine user's needs and design a building to meet thou needs. It proves that the design process for buildings is highly organized. The construction progress is also highly organized. It includes the manufacturers of building products and systems.On the building site craftsmen assemble themselves. Awork of the craftsmen is employed and coordinated bycontractors. There are also consultants who specialize in suchaspects as construction management, quality control and insurance.We must mention about complexity and measure of masteryof natural forces, whichcanproduce a widely varied built environmentto servethe needs of society. In conclusion, modern buildingconstruction is a significant part of an industrial culture.
Exercise 9. Translate from English into Russian. Define the syntax functions of the underlined words.
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1. The mortar used between bricks and stone is stretched by adding sand.
2. Since the mid-nineteenth century, iron or steel rods have been placed in the formwork for modern concrete.
3. Concrete must be contained in forms, or molds, until it has cured and dried.
4. Wooden structures are then destroyed once the concrete has cured sufficiently for the forms to be removed.
5. The solution devised by Byzantine architects was to place the dome over a square plan.
6. As with the Pantheon in Rome, the space enclosed is huge.
7. An excellent example of the use of pendentives is found in the church of Hagia Sophia.
8. The resulting form has a circular shape at the top while at the bottom it is a square.
Exercise 10. Translate the words :
тротуар, строительный раствор, песок, гравий, смешивать, содержать, образец, отвердевать, высушивать, опалубка.
Exercise 11. Note in the texts of this unit :
a. That-forms
b. Noun groups
c. Modal verbs
d. Participle II
e. ing-forms
UNIT 7
Exercise 1. Translate the auxiliary words:
without, hence, that, despite(in spite of), one, such as, these, those, which, here, with, beneath, just, feet, meter.
Exercise 2. Words to be remembered:
prove – доказывать, оказываться
truss – ферма
timber – древесина
arrange – размещать
cell – ячейка
by virtue of – благодаря ч-л.
built-in – встроенный
distort – искажать
bend – сгибать
relatively – относительно
roof – крыша
cathedral – собор
rib – ребро
medieval – средневековый
identify – определять
member – часть, элемент
hold – зд. проводить
Exercise 3. Read and translate text A.
Text A. TRUSSES
The Romans also used another structural type that has proved basic to large constructions in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries – the truss. The traditional truss was made up of timbers arranged in triangular shapes or cells.
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The triangle, by virtue of its built-in geometry, cannot be changed in shape without distorting or bending one of its sides. Hence, by adding triangle to triangle, it is possible to construct extended figures that are quite strong despite being relatively light. Wooden trusses were used in a wide variety of forms for roof construction in Roman buildings and continued to be used during the Middle Ages. One superb example of medieval wooden truss construction is the hammer-beam truss roof of Westminster Hall, London, built in 1394-99 by Henry Yevele and Hugh Herland and spanning 68 feet (20.7 meters); it is the broadest wooden span of medieval times. The great Gothic cathedrals such as Amiens were covered by such a wooden roof over the rib vault.
During the nineteenth century, many new forms of trusses were devised, often identified by the name of the engineer who first used them. The truss, particularly when built up of steel members, proved capable of great spans, and hence was used to enclose vast spaces. An example is the Galerie des Machines, the largest of the buildings in the international exhibition held in Paris, in which a series of curved arch trusses spanned 377 feet (114.9 meters). Here, as with any arch, there were considerable lateral forces at the base, but massive buttresses were made unnecessary because the ends of the arched trusses were connected by steel rods just beneath the floor.
Exercise 4. Translate the words:
prove, identify, truss, timber, roof, rib, span (v., n.), member, cathedral, type, shape, cell, bend, distort, arrange, form (v., n.).
Exercise 5. Choose the right translation from A to B:
A: arrange, devise, despite (in spite of), triangle, use, construction, span, form, vault, exhibition.
B: несмотря на, изобретать, треугольник, строительство, форма, использовать, пролет, свод, размещать, выставка.
Exercise 6. Are these meanings correct or incorrect? Correct the mistakes:
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distort – размещать
bend – соединять
devise – поддерживать
member – главный
cathedral – церковь
cell – ячейка
roof – крыша
from – форма
capable of smth (doing smth.)
timber – бетон
steel – железо
beam – стержень
Exercise 7. Translate the following word combinations:
structural type, triangular shape, built-in geometry, roof construction, the Middle Ages, medieval wooden truss construction, hammer-beam truss roof, rib vault, steel members, curved arch trusses, massive buttresses, steel rods.
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