Exercise 9. Translate the sentences paying attention to Participle II.
1. We have mentioned about some problems connected with building.
2. Architects and engineers must be aware of the problems involved in laying foundations.
3. The engineer must collect undisturbed samples.
4. Other structural forms have mixed stresses.
5. Such vault forms derived from these structures were used by Antoni Gaudi last century.
6. These are solid shafts made by driving reinforced concrete deep into the ground.
7. Each pile may serve as a column with its foot driven into solid earth.
8. The truss extended in three dimensions becomes a space frame.
9. Substantial three-dimensional trusses built up of tubes of steel have a clear span of 342 ft.
10. The “geodesic dome” is built up of small light easily handled steel members.
11. Typically constructed of concrete shells can be very thick and heavy or extremely thin and light.
12. An interesting use of a folded shell is the Assembly hall at the University of Illinois Urbana.
13. These lateral forces are taken up by a belt of steel wire wound under tension around it.
14. These houses had roofs pitched inward towards the central open court.
15. Roman theatres derived from Greek models were the scene for the Greek plays.
Exercise 10. Read and translate text B with a dictionary. Make a plan.
Text B.
It is important for the foundation engineer to know about different types of the ground. If it is a firm ground at great depth, the foundation engineer may use piles. These are solid shafts made either by driving reinforced, concrete deep into the ground, or by boring holes in the earth and pouring in the concrete. Each pile supports its load in one, or two ways. It may serve as a column with its foot driven into solid earth. At the same time it may stand firm because friction along its sides "grips"* the column and prevents it from sinking.
But it may be a question of building's floating. In this way the foundations take the form of a vast, hollow concrete box. This box is divided into chambers. These ones will be house heating and ventilating plants as well as provide garage and storage space for the building.
The situations may be different. There are no problems at all or few of them. It can be if the earth is stable. Buildings stand on hard rock like granite or ironstone. It is the best time for those foundation engineers whose buildings stand on the foundations possessing few problems.
*grip – схватывать, крепко держать
|
|
|
Exercise 11. Translate the words :
подвесной мост, железо, растяжение, собственный вес, рабочий вес, настил, цепь, каток, параболический, арка.
Exercise 12. Note in the texts of this unit:
a. it-functions
b. House – verb or noun
c. Noun-groups
d. Modal verbs
e. Subjunctive mood
f. s-endings
UNIT 10
Exercise 1. Translate the following:
as soon as, according to, as…as, any, from, if, a number of, some, unless, with, without, the…the, than, then, the same, these, instead of.
Exercise 2. Words to be remembered:
van – фургон
deliver – доставлять
grid – решетка
attach – прикреплять
tower – башня, башнеподобная конструкция
mast – мачта
technique – технология
central core – центральный ствол (со стояками инженерных сетей)
invent – изобретать
counteract – противодействовать
Exercise 3. Read and translate text A.
Text A. SUSPENSION STRUCTURES (II)
This is the Federal Reserve Bank in Minneapolis, Minnesota, 1971-73, by Gunnar Birkerts. The written requirements for this building stipulated* that there would be a large area below the paving at ground level; within this covered area, free of supporting columns vans could deliver and pick up shipments**. This meant there could be no supporting columns coming down from any structure above, and Birkerts's solution to this dilemma was to carry the entire building on cables suspended from the tops of two towers much like a suspension bridge. The outer walls are rigid grids attached to the cables and all floor beams are fastened to these cable-supported wall grids all floor and wall loads are carried by the cables back up to the tops of the towers. With the towers being pulled in and down in this way, the tops would be drawn together. Spanning the top of the building there is a truss serving to keep the towers apart. Birkerts also provided for the construction of two arches atop*** the towers from which additional floors could be hung when it proved necessary to enlarge the building vertically. The outward lateral forces created by the arch carrying the added floors will counteract some of the inward lateral forces created by the lower floors hanging from the cables.
|
|
|
Buildings can also be suspended by cables from a single mast support and most buildings are built nowadays using such a suspension device in the cranes that lift materials. These have cables or steel rods from a central mast supporting the end of the boom of the crane. A striking example of this technique as the principal structure of a building is the West coast Transmission Building, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, 1968-69, by Rhone and Iredale, architects, with Bogue and Babicki, engineers. In this building the floors are suspended by cables coming out from the central core that rises above the topmost floor.
* – stipulate – ставить условием
** – shipments – погрузка, груз
*** – atop – наверху
Exercise 4. Translate the words:
van, technique, tower, mast, grid, deliver, area, floor, attach, fasten, proof, lateral, add, rod, boom, crane, lift, enlarge, outer, load, create, rigid, truss, device, single, material, pull, example.
Exercise 5. Choose the right translation from column A to column B:
A: grid, technique, attach, central core, van, boom, device, floor, cable, support, lateral, truss, load, area, pave, structure, solution, deliver, pull.
B: решетка, решение, прикреплять, доставлять, технология, центральный ствол со стояками инженерных сетей, устройство, фургон, стрела, перекрытие, опора, нагрузка, кабель, боковой, конструкция, ферма, зона, мостить, тянуть.
Exercise 6. Are these meanings correct or incorrect? Correct the mistakes:
mast – мачта
level – этаж
area – зона
|
|
|
van – ванна
structure – конструкция
grid – сеть
tower – башня
truss – трест
lateral – боковой
boom – кран
device – устройство
attach – прикреплять
beam – луч
mast – должен
Exercise 7. Translate the following word combinations:
ground level, entire building, outer wall, rigid grid, floor beam, cable-supported wall grid, floor load, wall load, outward, lateral force, lower floor, single mast support, suspension device, steel rod, central mast, crane boom, central core, topmost floor.
Exercise 8. Underline the word which is unnecessary:
steel, iron, wood, cement, concrete, floor.
floor, wall, ceiling, partition, load.
column, truss, beam, girder, van.
Дата добавления: 2018-10-26; просмотров: 186; Мы поможем в написании вашей работы! |
Мы поможем в написании ваших работ!