Exercise 9. Translate from English into Russian. Define the syntax functions of the underlined words.
1. The most apparent part of a building is its structure, or what makes it stand up.
2. This may be more noticeable nowadays than it once was.
3. Physical structure and perceptual structure are not the same, for a column may be much larger than structurally necessary simply to reassure us that it is indeed big enough for the job.
4. There is no readily perceptible clue as to what holds the building up.
5. Part of our perception of architecture has to do with this empathetic analysis of how forces are handled in buildings.
6. We develop early a way of understanding objects around us through empathy, of imagining ourselves inside the object and feeling how gravity works on it.
Exercise 10. Translate the words :
конструкция, колонна, каменные стены, подвешивать, влиять, сила, собор, опора, поддержка, покрывать.
Exercise 11. Note in the texts of this unit:
a. Comparative and superlative forms
b. Noun groups
c. Modal verbs
d. Participle I, II
UNIT 2
Exercise 1. Translate the auxiliary words:
whether, either…or, such, so to, as….as, for, one, from, along, while, as, since.
Exercise 2. Words to be remembered:
pull – тянуть
beam – балка
lintel – перемычка окна или двери, притолока
post – опора
post-and-lintel structure – стоечно-балочная конструкция
durable – прочный
trabeated – с балочным покрытием
polish – полировать
pier – пилястра, колонна
cantilever – консоль
sag – провисать
apply – применять
support – поддерживать
squeeze – сдавливать
compress – сжимать
stretch – растягивать
rest on – опираться на
result in – приводить к чему-либо.
load – нагрузка
Exercise 3. Read and translate text A.
Text A. THE POST AND LINTEL (part I)
The beginning of structure is the wall, whether the wall is made of stone, brick, glass blocks, or any of a variety of materials. But a room enclosed with walls has no light or view, so the wall must be opened up. The blocks or bricks over that opening must be supported against the pull of gravity, and this is done either by means of a beam (of wood, or of metal after 1750) or an arch. Such a beam inserted in a wall to support the wall above is called a lintel. The wall could also be cut away, so to speak, and replaced with slender stacks of blocks to form columns, with lintels spanning the spaces between them. The post and lintel system is as old as human construction in permanent materials. Archaeological and anthropological evidence suggests that post and lintel systems of wood or bound papyrus were used long before they were translated into more durable stone, and in fact humans have been using posts and beams for several hundred thousand years. Such a system is called “a trabeated system”, from the Latin “trabes” or beam. One of the most straightforward examples of post and lintel construction is the Valley Temple east of the pyramid of Khafre, Giza, Egypt, built between 2570 B.C. and 2500 B.C. Here, finely polished square lintels of red granite rest on square piers of the same material, contrast in that with the alabaster floor. Extending the beam over the end of the column, results in a cantilever.
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All beams, whether of stone, wood, or any other material, are acted upon by gravity. Since all materials are flexible to varying degrees - beams tend to sag of their own weight even more as loads are applied. This means that the upper part of a beam between two supports is squeezed together and is compressed along the top surface, while the lower part is stretched and is said to be in tension. In a cantilever, the situation is exactly reversed, for as the extended beam sags due to the pull of gravity, the upper part is stretched (put in tension) and the lower portion experiences compressive stresses.
Exercise 4. Translate the words:
block, beam, support, post, lintel, stacks of blocks, column, part(v., n.), span (v., n.), suggest, wood, bound papyrus, trabeated system, pier, cantilever, apply, sag, squeeze, compress, stretch, load.
Exercise 5. Choose the right translation from A to B:
A: crack, deform, rest on, support, cantilever, pier, stone, steel, gravity, polish, mud.
B: поддерживать, камень, полировать, грязь, опора, консоль, растрескиваться, деформироваться, сталь, опираться на, притяжение.
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Exercise 6. Are these meanings correct or incorrect? Correct the mistakes:
lintel – стойка
suggest – поддерживать
column – колонна
wood – железо
steel – стекло
compress – сжимать
stretch – растягивать
squeeze – сжимать
Exercise 7. Translate the following word combinations:
stacks of blocks, trabeated system, compressive strength, tensile strength, tensile stress, solid concrete, crystalline material, post and lintel system, result in.
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