Explain the origin of Modern English modal verbs: can, may.
Minor groupPhonetic and analogical changes which affected their functions. Several preterite-present vs died out. ME can was used only in the sing but also in the plural by the side of cunnen. Can/could a modal verb indicated physical or mental ability, gradually it replaced OE mæз; ME may. ME may was retained as the Past form, Indicative and Subjunctive. OG magan, OEmaзan, mæз Gmodern Sw ma, NE may – Independent vowel changes in PG. OE can, macian (from makojan) – NE can, may –palatalisation and splitting of velar cs. OEmæз, MEmay (mai) – æ+j=ai
The prototype of can may be refered to class 3 (with the grades a-u in the two Past tense stems
Explain the origin of the form: he will smile.
OE: No future forms (instead Pr+an adv with the Future meaning). The forms of Pr were used to indicate Pr and Future act. With vs of perfective mean or with advs of future time the Pr acquired the mean of futurity: he ytt (he will eat). Future could also be expressed by verb phrases with modal vs.
Explain the spelling and the pronunciation of the forms: come – came – come.
Cuom/com, common,cumen- come
Explain the spelling, the pronunciation and the origin of the forms: set – set – set.
In west GLs most cs were lengthened after a short vowel before j- West Germanic germination or doubling of cs: sætjan-OE settan-sette-зe-set (ed), ME seten-sette-set NE-set (set with root ending in a dental cons added the dental suff without the intervening vowel e-OE sette. When the inflections were reduced and dropped the three stems of the vs Pr, Past and Part II fell together: NE set-set-set- the source of irregular vs in ME (vs with a short root vowel the root ending –t or –d.
Explain the spelling, the pronunciation and the origin of the forms: tell – told – told.
Simplifying changes in the verb conjugation in ME and ENE. Many markers of the grammatical forms of the verb were reduced or lost.
Strong vs still existed but were limited in 3 clases: 3 forms Inf, Part, Past forms. Some weak became strong, some strong became weak. Weak grew in number (due to the Scandinavian, fr and Lat borrowings). Irregular vs grew in number. All strong vs of the 1-st class became irregular: tellen-tell (told). All weak lost their form of the Preterite (with the ending –ed).
Tellan-tald-tald. Th sign of irregularity of the weak vs in OE was vowel interchange: talian-talde-tald – under the influence of –I only the form of the Inf could change during the process of palatal mutation: talian-tellan. The other two remaining unchanged and as a result the verb acquired vowel interchange.
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25. Explain the origin of the prefixes over - , under - and the suffix – ish.
OE native prefix ofer, ME over-, OEunder, MEunder-.The most productive OEsuff –isc, ME-ish at first added mainly to nouns indicating nations to form correspondent adj but soon extended to other nouns to indicate qualities and states. Beginning with ME –ish acquired a new func expressed a weakened degree of a quality.
26. Explain the spelling, the pronunciation and the origin of the forms: keep – kept – kept.
Because of Great vowel shift i:-e NE keep-kept Weak v in OE: Inf cepan-cepte-cept suff -t or-d The case of merging then splitting: the consonant k has split into two phonemes k and ʧ. ME cepte kepte NE kept – the preceding vowel was made short and all vowels in this position became or remained short e:-e. The origin of modern non-standard vs.
OE cepan-cepte-cept ME kepen-kepte-kept NE keep – kept – kept
One of the source of irregular vs: vs with a long root vw, the root ending excluding –t,-d.
Explain the spelling and the pronunciation of the words: seem, love.
Class 2 lufojan, OElufian, NE love – the Inf of all vs of class II ended in –ian but the root vw was not affected because of the time of palatal mutation the vs preserved the full stem suff –oj and the long o: protected the root vw from assimilation.
OE lufu became ME love (luve) ENE loue (u late spelt v –16 cent introduction of new symbols) In ME and NE letter v was introduced for v instead of f as a separate phoneme: lufu-love(luva) NE love o instead of u (because of o was employed not only for o but also to indicate short u when it stood close to n,m or v.)
OE semede (e:-e) ME semed (e:-ə) NE seemed (i:)
OE seman, weak 1, ME semen
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