Explain the spelling and the origin of the forms : write – wrote –written
Changes of unstressed vowels in ME and NE. All unstressed vowels changed in quality, changing in the direction of [e] sound. That process had a far-reaching effect upon the sys of gram endings of the Eng ws (forms of strong vs: OE writan-wrat-writon-writen, with the suff –an,-on,-en differet only in the vowel component became homonymous. ME written, wrot-writen); The Inf lost its inflected form in EME. Writan and to Writanne appear in ME as to written NE (to) write.
The strong verbs in OE had principal forms: OE writan-wrat-writon-writen. In ME they exhibited a marked tendency to have the same vowel in both the forms of the past tense, thus gradually reducing the number of the principal forms to three. In NE they have only three principal forms in verbs originally belonging to the group of strong verbs:write – wrote –written.
Explain the spelling and the origin of the forms : find – found – found
Quantitative vowel changes in Late OE and Early Middle Eng .
Quantitative changes of vowels. In ME the length of the vowel came to be dependent on the kind of the consonant that followed the vowel.
Lengthening of vowels.
1) Vowels were lengthened in early ME before the consonant clusters: nd, ed, mb (cild>chi:ld). But if a 3rd consonant followed these combinations, the short vowel did not become long. (OE- cildru>children). The OE form of the Past tense pl Ind mood of the v to find –fundon became founden in the 12-13th cent and found in Modern Eng. Several changes: phonetic and spelling changes as the root vowel u became u: and then au then the letter u was replaced by the digraph ou. That is why in such ws as OEfindan-fand-fundon-funden. ME- fi:nden-founden-founden the vowel i was lengthened
Explain the spelling and the origin of the forms : rise – rose – risen
CG word (to rise); a strong verb of Class 1 (i-class) alternated s with z but not with r; risan- ras-rison-risen (NE rise). The 7th class is the least regular one. The stems of strong verbs coincide in the following way:
Present Indicative had the same form as subjunctive, infinitive and participle I. (e)The 1st and the 3rd singular of Preterit. (o) We find it in the stem of indicative preterit, subjunctive preterit, 2nd person singular. (zero)
OE risan-ras-rison-risen; MErisen; NE rise-rose-risen;
Vowel gradation in Gothic strong vs: IE (PG) class 1 reisan –Inf; Past sg rais; Past pl risum; Part II risan NE rise.
Explain the spelling and the pronunciation of the words: sea, cloud.
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From OE native word i-stem. OG saiws,sær, seo, OEsæ (substantion sæ-sea): sæe-sæ-sea
Cloud: Iu-au; u-ou
Explain the spelling and the pronunciation of the words: time, above
OEtima; Great vowel shift: MEtime (ti:me) i:-ai NEtime
Great vowel shift above
Explain the origin of articles in Modern English.
The Definite Article originated from the Demonstrative Pr. In OE DPs were usually used in a weakened meaning when they denoted a known thing. Ex. Hē būde wiÞ Þā West sæ. (He lived near that West Sea.) The definite article (Þā) began to loose its forms of declension in Middle English (North – 12 cent, South –beg of the 14cent).
The Indefinite Article originated form the numeral one. Ex. Þa læз Þær ān micel eā. (Then lay there a long river).
Explain the spelling and the origin of the plural: child- children.
Native Eng. goes back to the original neutral s-stem declension: child-children (OE cild-cildru). The case of merging then splitting: OE cons k` has split into ME ʧ: OEcild, MEchild (ʧi;ld), NE child. In ME and NE digraph ch appeared. The most important endings from the historical point of view was: the ending -anof the n-stem declension plural. It is preserved in ME child i:-i children. The class of n-stem nouns was the 2nd largest after and it survived longer then other classes. (a-stem exception). That’s why in southern dialects some newly borrowed ws or coined ws were declined acc to the n-stem type and it influenced the nouns of other classes: OE an > ME en OE a-stem: N sg. cild; N pl. cildru > ME children. OE cild (kild), ciest (kiest), NE child – the velar consonant k was softened to k` as it stood before the front vowel i: - kild-k`ild. In the sg they were declined like neutral a-stems but in the pl had a specific inflexion not to be found outside the group: their stem suff –s transformed into –r had survived as part of the inflection – children. Quantitative vowel changes in Late OE and Early Middle Eng .
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