Вопрос №50. Development of the pass forms and the category of Voice in ME and ENE.
In OE the finite v had no category of voice with the exception of some traces. The analytical passive forms developed from OE verb phrases consisting of OE beon (NE be) and weorðan (become) and Part II of transitive vs. OE beon was used as a link-v with a predicative expressed by Part II to denote a state resulting from a previous action; weorðan – indicated the transition into the state expressed by the Part. In ME ben plus Past Part developed into an analytical form now it expresses not only a state but also an action.
In early NE the Pass voice continued to grow and to extent its application. Late Me saw the appearance of new types of Pass constructions whose subject corresponded to other types of objects: indirect and prepositional.
Вопрос №51 Development of the Perfect forms and the category of Time-correlation in ME and ENE.
Have developed from OE verb phrases. The main sourses: the OE possessive construction, consisting of the verb habban (NE have), a direct obj and Part II of a transitive verb. Originally habban was used only with Part of transitive vs, then with verbs taking genitival, datival and prepositional obj and even with intransitibe vs. The other source of Perf forms was the OE phrase consisting of the link-verb beon and Part II of intransitive verbs.
In ME the two verb phrases turned into analytical forms and made up a single set of forms termed “perfect”. The Part had lost their forms of agreement with the noun; the places of the obj and the Part in the construction with haven changed. The Part usually stood close to the verb have and was followed by the obj which referred to the analytical form. In the Perf form the auxiliary have lost the mean of possession.
Вопрос №52 Growth of analytical verb forms in ME and ENE.
In OE period verbs had : category of person, number, tense and mood.
In ME period verbs had all grammatical categories of OE period + categories of order, voice and aspect (continuous).
These new forms were built analytically (different auxiliaries).
As there are only Present and Past forms existing in OE, in ME they remained and there was no future form.
There were indicative, subjunctive and imperative mood in OE which were preserved in ME. And at the end of the ME period (end of 14th century) two more subjunctive moods forms appeared. All of them were built on the analytical pattern. In NE period main changes occurred in tense and aspect.
1. Perfect forms started to develop (15th century or earlier)
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2. Continuous forms started to be built on the form be + inf I (part. I)
The development of aspect form was very slow. It has become stable only by the 19th century.
Вопрос №53 Word-stock in ME. Etymological layers.
From the 12-th cent to 19 th:
voc loses of ws or their mean , replacement and additions. It was connected with events in external history, the changing conditions of life and the obsolence of many medieval concepts:
- In OE many groups of synonyms whose differentiation became irrelevant in ME
- The specific Eng poetry went out of use
- From 80 to 85% of the Eng ws went out of use, they were replaced (a result of coexistence)
- Among additions many pure innovations (new ws - bourgeois)
- The development of the voc led to the growth of polysemy and homonymy
- Scandinavian influence in the 13-th cent
- French infl in ME by the Norman conquerors
Вопрос №54 formation of Eng national lang.
The formation of the National Literary Eng Lang covers the Early NE(16-19 cent). We speak of the evolution of a single literary lang instead of the similar or different development of the dialects. There were at least 2 major external factors which favoured the rise of the Nat lang and the literary standards; the unification of the country and the progress of the culture. Other historical events (increasing foreign contacts, affected the lang in a less general way: the influenced the growth of the voc).
-establishment of the written standard (the end of Early NE by the middle of the 17-th cent)
- normalizing tendencies (literary Renaissance: grammar books, dictionaries)
- growth of the spoken standard (Written stand had been fixed by the beg of the 17 th cent and 17-18th cent -drama)
Practical questions
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