Вопрос №18-19 The OE Adjective. Degrees of comparison.
Adjectives in OE have the same grammatical categories as nouns (gender, number, case)
Has 5 cases. The grammatical category of case in represented by the nominative, genitive, dative and accusative, instrumental (творительный) cases. But only masculine and neuter adj. had it. They also had string and weak declension.
Weak declension is the result of the following process. Originally there was a pronoun which agreed with the noun it defined and this pronoun preceded some adj. as well. If that was the case the declension of adj. was weak. If there was no pronoun before adj. the declension was strong. These types of declension functioned differently. The weak type was used when the noun modified by the adj was preceded by a Demonstrative Pronoun (DP) or a Possessive Pronoun (PP) or when the adj was used in the comparative or superlative degree. If the noun modified was not preceded by DP PP then the adj was declined acc to the strong type.
The types of declension had a definite meaning. This category expressed by the adj-s was called definiteness/indefiniteness. It survived throughout the ME period. From the point of view of it form the strong adj had either the endings of the noun a-stem, o-stem or the endings of the pronouns. This type of declension is called pronominal. In the weak type the adj-s had the same endings as the weak declension of the noun.
Degrees of comparison
Degrees of comparison were formed with the help of suffixes: -ira (Gth –iza/oza) (comparative);
-ist (Gth –ista/ōsta) (superlative).They were no analytical forms.
1. ira/or
2. ist/ost
ira<= iza– rotation or rotacism (Ex. maizo>māra).
Those adj which formed their com. and sup. degrees by the suffix –ira-ist underwent palatal mutation because of the sound i: in the suffix.
Ex. lanз ― lenзra ― lenзest
(lenзira― lenзist – эти формы исчезли)
eald ―ieldra ― ieldest in ModE old― older―oldest
Вопрос №20-23 The OE verb. The verbal grammatical categories.
1. Grammatical categories.
In Finite Forms they were: mood (3), tense (2), number (2), person(3).
The Inf had 2 case forms: the common case (что делать) and dative case (с тем чтобы сделать – маркер окончание -enne) The use of the dative was limited. The finite forms could only be conjugated. 4 gram forms: category of person (3 person forms only in the singular; it was the characteristic of only indicative mood), number, tense (2: Pr and Past or Preterite), mood (3: Indicative, Imperative, Oblig). No future forms (instead Pr+an adv with the Future meaning). Morphologically: strong (7 classes); weak (3 classes); and others. The main difference lies in the means of building the principal forms: The strong vs built their principal forms with the help of root vowel interchanges plus certain grammatical endings.
|
|
|
The weak vs are a specifically Germanic innovation because the device used in building their principal forms is not found outside the Germanic group. They built the Past tense and Participle II by inserting a special suffix between the root and the ending.
Non-Finite Forms: were the Infinitive and two Participles (Part I, Part II).
| Inf |   Part I
| Part II |
| lōcian (weak v) wrītan (strong v I) | lōciende wrītende | (зe)lōcod (зe)wrīten |
The Participle in OE was a verbal adj and it did not possess any verbal categories. But Part I was opposed to Part II in the same way as in ME. Part I was always active in mean. Part II was active in mean in intransitive vs, but passive in transitive. Ex. Hē wæs зeslegen. (He was killed (passive m-g).Hē wæs cumen. (He has come (active m-g). Part I was formed from the present tense stem (the Infinitive without the ending -an/ian with the help of the suffix -ende. Part II has a stem of its own in strong verbs and the suff –en/n. In weak vs it was formed by the dental suffix d. (ME –ed). Participles shared the categories of the adj (nominal Gr Categories). They were declined as weak and strong and agreed with the noun in Number, Gender and Case.
The Infinitive. The Inf was a verbal noun. It was also devoid of any verbal gram. category but it had a kind of a noun declension, a sort of reduced Case system. It had 2 forms which roughly corresponded to the Nominative and the Dative Cases of nouns. The so-called Dative Case of the Inf was used with the preposition tō [то] and it was an inflected form.
Ex. tō drincenne (Dat Case – purpose of direction)
|
|
|
Nom drincan
Acc
As for form-building means they were the same as in the nominal system: inflexions, sound interchange, suppletive formations (forms) and the prefix зe. It was sometimes used to help to build Part II. Ex. macian>(зe)macod.
All the verbal forms were build from 4 principle forms of the verb in OE.They were Pr, Past sg, Past pl, Participle II. Following the way they built their forms OE vs fell into 3 subdivisions: strong, weak, minor.(strong, weak verbs –Grim).
Дата добавления: 2018-08-06; просмотров: 1108; Мы поможем в написании вашей работы! |
Мы поможем в написании ваших работ!