Вопрос №27-28-29 Qualitative vowel changes in EME. Growth of new diphthongs.
All unstressed vws changed in quality usually in the direction of e sound. At the end of ws e sound became neutralized: nama-name. Long stressed monoth turned to the process of narrowing OE æ-e stræt-street; a-o: haliз – holy; y-I,e,u – slyve – sleeve.
Short stressed monoth: the tendency of widening (æ-a: at-that; y-i: first-first)
Diphthongs changed into monoph (eo-e; ea-a,e). Appeared a new set of diphthongs developed from some sequences of vowels and consonants due to the vocalization of j and y - ai, ei, au, ou.
In Early ME the sounds j and y between and after vowels changed into i and u and formed diphthongs together with the preceding vowels. These changes gave rise to two sets of diphthongs: with i-glides and u- glides.
In new diphthongs the 2d element was narrower than the 1st.
There were two sourses of these diphthongs:
a) a native (a result of vocalization of palatal and velar consonants)
b)under the influence of French in loan words
Вопрос №28-29 Quantitative changes of vowels in ME
Quantitative changes of vowels. In ME the length of the vowel came to be dependent on the kind of the consonant that followed the vowel.
Lengthening of vowels.
1) Vowels were lengthened in early ME before the consonant clusters: nd, ed, mb (cild>chi:ld). But if a 3rd consonant followed these combinations, the short vowel did not become long. (OE- cildru>children). That is why in such ws as findan-fand-fundon-funden. ME- fi:nden-founden-founden the vowel i was lengthened
2) Lengthening of short vowels a, e, o in open syllables in the 12th century. This occurred most often in the northern parts of England, in the 13th century it became county wide (OE mete>ME me:te>NE meat). When the vowels were lengthened they usually became more open.
Shortening of vowels. In ME long vowels were shortened in front of the clusters of cs other that those causing lengthening. A long vowel became short in a closed syllable (OE cepan-cepte-cept; ME ke:pen-kept-kept; OE wi:sdom>NE wisdom).
The [i] was shortened before the consonant clusters st, sd.
As a result of the process in one and the same roor of the same word there appeared an interchange of long and short vowels (OE hus>ME house[hu:s]>NE house).
Основное различие м/у ОЕ и МЕ по принципу форм (формы строятся уже аналитически, не суф (как в ОЕ)
Вопрос №30 Changes of unstressed vowels in ME and NE.
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All unstressed vowels changed in quality, changing in the direction of [e] sound. That process had a far-reaching effect upon the sys of gram endings of the Eng ws (forms of strong vs: OE writan-wrat-writon-writen, ME –an,-on,-en written, wrot-writen); forms of nouns fiscas-fisces. At the end of words it started to be neutralized.
In OE suffixes in plural forms was the ending –as, later it became –es
NE (not a modern time) by the 15 to the 18-th cent. Weak e at the end of ws became neutral and in unstressed position dropped.
The great vowel shift:
Вопрос №31 Modern diph
2 diph changed ai-ei dai-dei; au-o:-law-lo:
Вопрос №32 Evolution of consonants in ME and Early NE
The most important development in the history of Eng cs were the growth of new sets of sounds - affricates and sibilants;and thenew phonological treatment of fricatives.
I Growth ofaffricates and sibilants
In OE there were no affr. or sibil., except s and z.
The new type of consonants developed from OE palatal plosives k’, g’ and also from the consonant cluster sk’. The three new phonemes which arose from these sources were [t∫][dз][∫]. In early NE they began to be indicated by special letters or digraphs.
II Another development accounting for the appearance of sibil. and affr. in the Eng lang. Is connected with the phonetic assimilation of lex borrowings. In accordance with the phonetic tendencies the stress was moved closer to the beginning and the final syllables which became unstressed or weakly stressed underwent phonetic alterations: the vowels were reduced and sometimes dropped, the sounds making up the syllable became less distinct. As a result some sequences of cs fused into single cs.
III The fricatives were again subjected to voicing. They were pronounced as voiced if they were preceeded by an unstressed vowel and followed by a stressed one. The extend of stress extended beyond the boundaries of the w: the endings took no accent but could be followed by other ws beginning with an accented syllable. This fact is confirmed by the voicing of cs in many form-ws: articles, pronouns, auxiliaries, prep.
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