Вопрос №22 Weak verbs and their classes in OE.
There are 3 groups according to the stem vowel joint with some ending (suffixes).
The 1st class has the ending –ja- in the present and –i- in the preterit. It’s root mutation of the vowel. The dental suffix was joint to the root. With the time [j] sound disappeared.
Demjan-deman- demde- demed
The 2nd class has the ending –oi and it has [o] sound in the past. Weak verbs of second class have no vowel mutation.
Locian-locode-locod
Pres. Past part.II
The 3rd class - verbs in which the dental suffix is joint to the root proper.
The 2nd and the 1st have no [j] sound.
Cepan-cepte-cept
Вопрос №23 Strong verbs and their classes in OE.
Jacob Grim suggested calling OS vebs strong and weak. To his thinking strong verbs were superior to weak ones because they were based on the vowel interchange. All strong verbs are subdivided into 7 classes, each class had its own type of vowel change. The 7th class is the least regular one. The stems of strong verbs coincide in the following way:
1. Present Indicative had the same form as subjunctive, infinitive and participle I. (e)
2. The 1st and the 3rd singular of Preterit. (o)
3. We find it in the stem of indicative preterit, subjunctive preterit, 2nd person singular. (zero)
The stem of Participle II also had zero vowel.
InfPres. Tence preterit sg preterit pl Part. II
1 risan ras rison risen rise
2 ceosan ceas curon coren choose
3 bindan band bundon bunden bind
4 teran tэr tэron toren tear
5 etan эt эton eten eat
6 scacan scoc scocon scacen shake
7 hatan het heton haten order
Вопрос №24 Minor groups of verbs in OE.
The preterit-present verbs are a small group (12) of verbs which have vowel gradation in their present tense and form which corresponds to the vowel gradation in the preterit of strong vs. These verbs have a noticeable modal meaning. In ME they exist as modal verbs.
Irregular verbs. The weak verbs of 3rd class are considered to be irregular, because the class consists of 3 verbs, following their own individual patterns of form-building. However among the 1st class there were also some irregular verbs. They combined the features of weak and strong verbs.
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OE don – dyde – ge-don (NE do) formed a weak Past tense with a vowel interchange in the root and its Participle ended in “n”- gedon.
Supplative verbs. They had different roots in the conjugation. In present day English there are 2 verbs of this kind-to be, to go. The difficulty here lies in the fact that the main supplative verb with the meaning to be or to exist was represented in OE by 3 roots.
The initial form of the verb to be – wesan/beon: Ic-eom/beo (есть) Ic- wэs (был) Ic-si (был бы) Wэs!/beo!(будь)
Non-finite forms were the infinitive and the participle. Participle was of 2 kinds: part. I and
part. II. Part. I had the ending -ende and it was declined as a weak, was always used attributively and predicatively. Part. II had -n/-ed endings. It was also declined as adj. was used as an attribute and predicate.
Вопрос №25 Morphological structure of the word in Common Germanic and OE. Effects of OE phonetic changes on the word structure.
The bulk of the OE vocabulary were native words. In the course of OE period the voc. grew, it was mainly replenished from native sources, by means of word formation.
According to their morphological structure OE words (like modern words) fell into three main types:
1. simple words (root-words) or words with a simple stem, containing a root morpheme and no derivational affixes.
2. derived words consisting of one root morpheme and one or more affixes.
3. compound words, whose stems were made up by of more than one root-morpheme.
In late PG the morphological structure of the word was simplified. By the age of writing many derived words had lost their stem-forming suffixes and had turned into simple words. The loss of stem-suffixes as means of word derivation stimulated the growth of other means of word-formation, especially the growth of suffixation.
Вопрос №26 Word-stock in ME. The main etymological layers.
9-14 cent. Eng native ws form two etymological strata: the common IE and the common Germanic.
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Common IE stratum. The ws forming this stratum are the oldest in voc. They existed thousands of years BC. Words of CIE voc. have been inherited by many modern IE langs, not only Germanic, which is often a possible proof of these ws belonging to the Common IE stratum.
There are also ws inherited from Common Germanic. Common Germanic is supposed to exist before it began splitting into various subgroups around the 1st century BC -1st century AD. These ws can be found in various Germanic langs but not in IE langs other than Germanic.
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