Вопрос № 45 The evolution of weak verbs in ME and ENE.
Weak vs were historically younger but turned out to be far more productive as they had a simple and regular way of building forms, which was easily applied in ME to former strong verbs new formations, and to a great number of borrowed words. Especially productive was class 2. In ME there existed only 2 classes of weak verbs with slight differences between them. In ME the 3d class consisted only of few verbs (have, OE habban, libban, secgan). The 3d class ceased to exist altogether. The OE verbs of class 3 either joined the other classes other classes of weak verbs (libban)or became irregular (secgan, habban). ME verbs of Class 1 took the ending –de in the Past without an intermediate vowel before the dental suffix and the ending- ed in the PII.they had descended from OE verbs of class 1 with a long-root syllable. The verbs of Class 2 (-ode, od) had weakened their endings to -ede, -ed in ME. Since a few verbs of OE Class 1 had -ede, -ed, they are included in Class 2. Late ME weak verbs are the immediate source of modern regular verbs. When the neutral vowel was reduced and lost, the differences between the 2 classes were lost too. The differences between 2d and 3d principal forms were eliminated. The vowel in the suffix is preserved today only after t, d (wanted). Ode- the most productive ending. ode>ed>t/d/id.
Class 1. OE deman (Past tense- demde; PII-demed) >ME deemen (Past tense- deemde; PII-deemed). Class 2. OE- locian(Past tense- locode; PII-locod)> ME loken (Past tense- loked(e); PII-loked). The development of the inflection –(e)de in ENE shows the origins of the modern variants of the forms of the Past tense and PII in regular verbs. Many former strong verbs began to build weak forms alongside strong ones.
Вопрос № 46 The origin of modern non-standard verbs.
These verbs were regular. Causes, sourses: 1. some strong vs became weak (then lost their regular pattern of conjugation); 2irregular vs of Class 1. Several groups developed from the weak verbs of Class 1. - verbs with a long root vw, the root ending in –t,-d (OEmetan-mette-mett MEmeten-mette-mett NEmeet-met-met)
- verbs with a long root vw, the root ending excluding –t,-d (cepan-cepte-cept, kepen-kepte-kept, keep-kept-kept)
- vs with a short root vw, the root ending in –t,-d (settan-sette-sett, setten-sette-sett, set)
- most borrowed vs formed their form in accordance with the weak verbs of the 2-nd class some of them were irregular (Scandinavian give-gave-given).
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Вопрос № 47 Strong verbs and their devolution in ME and ENE.
7 classes in OE . In NE the group of strong verbs in OE and partly in ME is no longer felt due to the following:
1. the reduction in the number of stems fom 4 to 3 by removing the distinction bet the two past tense stems.
2. Part II doesn`t differ from the Past. Many strong vs began to form their Past and PartII with the help of the dental suff instead of vowel gradation.
3. Their transition into weak and (rarely vice versa) under the influence of analogy. They lost all consonant interchanges.
Вопрос № 48 Minor group
Phonetic and analogical changes which affected their functions. Several preterite-present vs died out. ME can was used only in the sing but also in the plural by the side of cunnen. Can/could a modal verb indicated physical or mental ability, gradually it replaced OE mæз; ME may. ME may was retained as the Past form, Indicative and Subjunctive.
ME shall has lost many of its forms and has retained only two forms shall and should. A similar shift of time-reference in the history of Must and ought (moste, mostesr, mosten were OE Past forms of mot “can”. The Pr form have been lost while must has acquired the mean of obligation and is is treated as Pr tense form. Dare is a preterite-present by origin. It has lost most of its peculiarities. It takes - s in the 3-rd person and has a standard Past form dared. Willan not a preterite-present by origin has acquired many of the features of that group.
Вопрос № 49 The evolution of the system of verbals (non-finite) in ME and ENE.
The sys of verbals in OE was marked: their nominal features were more pronounced than their verbal features. The main trends in ME and NE: gradual loss of most nominal features and growth of verbal. Loss of case distinctions in the Inf and of forms of agreement in the Participle. The Inf lost its inflected form (dative case). The preposition to lost its prepositional force and changed into a formal sign of the Inf. The distinction bet the two Part were preserved: Part I – had an active mean and expressed a process or quality simultaneous with the events described. Part II was built by weak vs with the help of suf –(e)d, t. There was a strong tendency to eliminate the difference bet the Past tense and Part II in all strong vs. Part I and II lost their gender, case and number distinctions. The period is marked by a growth of analytical forms, thus the gerund appears it developed from the forms of the participle: OE Part. I (-ende-) + OE verbal noun (-inde-). That is why the gerund has the noun and verbal features. Some other non-finite forms start loosing the system of declension and develop the system of conjugation. The verbal categories were: voice, order, aspect.
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