Explain the spelling and the pronunciation of the words: hose, street.
Qualitative vowel changes in EME. Growth of new diphthongs. All unstressed vws changed in quality usually in the direction of e sound. Long stressed monoth turned to the process of narrowing OE æ-e stræt-MEstreet (e:-narrower); NE street (æ-e:-i: the great vowel shift).
ME hose NEhose
Explain the spelling and the pronunciation of the words: five, wife.
Great vowel shift i:-ai OE wif-neutral NEwife – the division of nouns into numerous declension is their group acc to gender (Masc, Neut< fem).In OE gender was not always associated with the mean of nouns.
Great vowel shift i:-ai OEfiv -five
Explain the origin of Modern English form: man’s work.
Decay of noun declensions in ME and ENE. The simplification: - the disappearance of the number of declensions
development of plural endings for all kind of nouns. –es/s/; the genitive case which actually had disappeared and were the presence of `s (the poss case today) Declension of nouns in the Late 14th and 15 the cent. In the 17th-18th cent a new graphic marker of the Gen case came into use:the apostrophe `s.
Explain the spelling and the pronunciation of the words: boat, do.
Some vs combined the features of weak and strong vs. OE don formed a weak Past tense with a vowel interchange: and in Part in –n: don –dyde- зe-don (NE do). Grims law: consonant shift in PG: OG (GT) gadeps, OE [dæd], MEdon NE deed, do – sets of aspirated plosives opposed to pure non-aspirated plosives dt versus b,d,g.
Long monoth a-o OE bat ME bot NE (appeared vowel digraph oa to show the length of the vowel) boat MEboot (o:,o) ENE boat
Explain the spelling and the origin of the forms of the plural: sheep – sheep.
Native Eng. goes back to the original neutral a-stem declension which had no ending in the Nom and Accus pl even in OE. But long-stem neutrals had homonymous sg and pl forms: OE sceap- sceap NE sheep – sheep – the retention of u and I after a short syllable and their loss after a long one. They do not change for the plural.
Explain the origin of the forms: man – men.
OG mann(a) OE mon (splitting of a to o); NE man
- OE root-stem declension (by changing roots – man-men)the change of declension – minor consonantal stems (included small group of nouns). Root-stems had never had any stem forming suffix. Trace in Mod Eng- irregular pl form – men. Changes of short vws in ENE: ME a is reflected as æ in NE (ME man (man) NE man (mæn)
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Changes in the nominal grammatical categories in ME AND ENE.
The gram system underwent radical changes. In OE: suffixation; vowel interchange; use of suppletive forms – synthetic means. In ME and NE synthetical means either disappeared or came to be expressed by analytical means. The development of analytical forms, word order, special use of prepositions. The process of gradual loss of declensions by many parts of speech. In ME there remainded only 3 declinable parts of speech: the noun, the pronoun and the adj against 5 existing in OE (+Inf and Part). The noun and the pronoun are the only parts of speech that are declined.
Explain the spelling and the pronunciation of the words: green, ground
Word inherited by Eng from common Germanic source. OE gren – NE green
Explain the spelling and the origin of the forms of the plural: ox – oxen.
Native Eng. goes back to the original neutral n-stem declension preserving their plural form: ox-oxen OE oxa-oxan. The ME pl ending –en used as a variant marker with some nouns lost its former productivity in Standard Mod Eng it is found only in oxen and children.
Explain the spelling, the pronunciation and the origin of the forms: drink – drank – drunk.
OG (Gt) drigkan, drekka-trinkan-OE drincan; Modern Germ lang (sw) dricka, Gtrinken NE drink
In ME and NE letter k was introduced for (k) instead of c before front vowels and n: drincan-drinken
Explain the origin of the form: he is smiling.
In OE: the Pr tense indicates a process in the Pr which is now expressed by the Continuous form. Beon (to be) he is (he is)
Explain the spelling and the pronunciation of the words: school, right.
OEriht-NEright (GVS i:-ai) . In ME and NE digraph gh appeared: riзt - right.
ME scool borrowed in OE from Latin and always written with sc- (OE scool) respelt as school because in Latin the sound k in words of Greek origin was rendered as ch.
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