Вопрос № 39 Changes in the nominal grammatical categories in ME and ENE.
Themorphology of the noun, adj, pronoun was considerably simplified. Already in the 15th century they acquired their modern characteristics. In OE the nominal categories were- gender, case, number.
1) in EME gender in nouns and adjs ceased to be distinguished. It was reflected only in pronouns. In EME nouns were grouped into classes of type of declension acc to gender instead of stems. The weakened and leveled endings of adjs and adj pronouns ceased to indicate gender;
2) 2 numbers were preserved and were distinguished in nouns and pronouns through all historical periods. But in adjs this category was lost by the end of ME. The dual number disappeared in EME. In late ME the ending –es was the prevalent marker of nouns in the plural;
3) case-the number of cases were reduced to 3 cases in EME (common, dative, genitive) and then to 2 (common<resulted from the fusion of 3 OE cases; genitive) in late ME in nouns and pronouns. But their development in nouns and pronouns was different. The former case relations were expressed by prepositions or by the position of w in the sentence.
The adjs lost all the traces in case distinctions in ME. The role of weak and strong declension changed. The category of definiteness and indefiniteness was shown in OE by the 2-fold declension of adjs. In ME it was expressed in the adjs by the ending –e. Strong decl.sg. good; pl.-goode. Weak sg.- goode; pl.- goode. When –e was reduced and lost this category ceased to be distinguished with adjs. In ENE the Nom case of pronouns began to merge with the Objective case. The OE gen. Case of personal pronouns split from the other forms and turned into a new class of pronouns-possessive. The OE oblique case-forms of personal pronouns and the ME possessive pronouns gave rise to one more type of pronouns-reflexive. They developed from combinations of some forms of personal pronouns with the adj self. In the coarse of ME there arose a difference between the demonstrative pronouns and the definite article: as a demonstrative pronoun “that” preserved number distinctions, as a definite article it was uninflected.
Вопрос № 40 Decay of noun declensions in ME and ENE.
The simplification: - the disappearance of the number of declensions
- development of plural endings for all kind of nouns. –es/s/
- the genitive case which actually had disappeared and were the presence of `s (the poss case today)
- Root declension nouns were presented in NE period. Many of them survived
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- borrowed from Latin nouns preserved their original forms (datum/data).
Вопрос № 41-42 Decay of declensions and grammatical categories of the adjective in ME and ENE.
Also marked by disappearing of declension; no longer disagreed with nouns.
Strong weak
Sg hard harde
Pl harde harde
The sys developed new means in terms of comparison: more and the most forms.
These forms were built with the help if suffixes such as -er for the comparative degree and –est for the superlative degree.
The mutative forms still occur but they are not numerous. The supplative forms remained the same.
Adjectives lost their gender category.
Вопрос № 43 Simplifying changes in the verb conjugation in ME and ENE.
Many markers of the grammatical forms of the verb were reduced or lost. Strong vs still existed but were limited in 3 clases: 3 forms Inf, Part, Past forms. Some weak became strong, some strong became weak. Weak grew in number (due to the Scandinavian, fr and Lat borrowings). Irregular vs grew in number. All strong vs of the 1-st class became irregular: tellen-tell (told). All weak lost their form of the Preterite (with the ending –ed).
Number of modal vs grew. Tenses and aspect became distinctive. Continuous forms or aspect +beto Part I (-ing form) was developing but slowly. The sys of tenses and the sys of non-finite forms has become stable by the beg of the 19-th cent.
Вопрос № 44 Changes in the morphological classes of verbs in ME and ENE.
The historical changes the ways of building the principal forms of the verb (stems) transformed the morphological classification of the verbs. The OE division into classes of weak and strong verbs was completely rearranged and broken up. Most verbs have adopted the way of form building employed by the weak verbs: the dental suffix. The strict classification of the strong verbs, with their regular system of form building, degenerated. In the long run all these changes let to increased regularity and uniformity and to the development of a more consistent and simple system of building the principle forms of the verb.
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