Вопрос №4 The peculiarities of the Germanic consonants as compared to that of the IE langs. (Grim’s law, Verner’s law)
Consonants (Cs)PG cs.the Germanic sound shift. (1ое передвижение согласных). The opposition of cs in the Germanic langs is the same as in other European langs (voice - voiceless). There is no direct correspondence between certain cs in the Germanic langs and those found in other European langs of the same w.
IE (t)- CG (θ)-Grim`s law CG (θ)- [ð] - [d] Verner`s law
Jacob Grimm in the early 19th century - the Grimm’s Law – the correspondence bet certain groups of Germanic and non-Germanic cs. The first was the Danish scientist Rask, but Grimm was the 1st to call it a la, a typical specific feature inherent in all the Germanic langs. All the plosives of IE shifted into GLs in 3 stages (акты)
1. instead of the IE voiceless plosives (aspirated and non-aspirated) there occurred voiceless fricative cs in the GLs.
2. IE voiced non-aspirated plosives became voiceless plosives. The way of pronouncing cs changed, but the place of articulation remained the same.
3. IE aspirated voiced plosives became voiced fricatives.
But there are some exceptions to the Law: In some ws a voiceless fricative in Germanic, a voiced fricative or a voiced plosive is found instead: Lat – pater OE - fæder
Verner`s lawwas much more complicated. in the 2nd part of the 19th century. In ancient GLs at that time the stress was free (or movable), fricative cs became voiced.
All the Germanic fricative cs became voiced bet vowels if the immediately preceding vowel was unstressed and the following vowel was stressed. After the voicing was complete the stress was shifted to the 1sy syllable.
Later on in the GLs [ð] became [d]. this phenomenon is called hardening: Fæder < faðar
After the changes under Grimm’s and Verner’s Law PG 2 sets of cs: voiceless[ f, θ, x, s ] and voiced [v, ð, y, z ]
In all WG langs most cs were lengthened after a short vowel before [j] - “doubling” of cs, as the resulting long cs are indicated by means of double letters: e.g. PG fuljan > OE fyllan (NE fill) During that process j was lost.
In early OE the velar cs split into two distinct sets of sounds. The velar cs k, g, x, y were palatalized before and after a front vowel, unless followed by a back vowel.
Nasal sonorants were regularly lost before fricative cs: e.g. Gt uns>OE ūs (NE us)
Вопрос №5
Principal features of the gram structure of the Germ langs (noun, adj, v)
1) Grammatical structure
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Both PG and the OG langs had a synthetic gram structure which means that the relationships bet the parts of the sentence were shown by the forms of the ws rather by their position or by auxiliary ws. One of the main processes in the development of the Germanic morph sys was the change in the w-structure.
The gram forms were built in the synthetic way (they expressed the gram mean by changing the forms of the w itself): by means of inflections, sound interchanges and suppletion [sə'pli;ʃ(ə)n].
2)Nouns.
A well-developed case sys with (4 cases: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative). Two number forms (singular, plural). Have the category of gender (feminine, masculine and neutral). The same categories: gender, case, number.
Acc to the ending of their stems 3 types of declension:
- a-stem (mostly masc and neutr); n-stem; root- declension (masc with the help of suff as well as by changing roots – man-men)
3) AdjHave: gender, case (Nomin< accus< dative, genitive+instrumental (творит), number. Have strong and weak declension (acc to the ending of the stem). The degree of comparison: suffixation and the comparative degree (ra-re); suff – est\ost for superlative [su'pɜːlətɪv] degree.
4)Verbs.
The Inf had 2 case forms: the common case (что делать) and dative case (с тем чтобы сделать – маркер окончание -enne) The use of the dative was limited. The finite forms could only be conjugated. 4 gram forms: category of person (3 person forms only in the singular; it was the characteristic of only indicative mood), number, tense (2: Pr and Past or Preterite), mood (3: Indicative, Imperative, Oblig). No future forms (instead Pr+an adv with the Future meaning). Morphologically: strong (7 classes); weak (3 classes); and others. The main difference lies in the means of building the principal forms: The strong vs built their principal forms with the help of root vowel interchanges plus certain grammatical endings.
The weak vs are a specifically Germanic innovation because the device used in building their principal forms is not found outside the Germanic group. They built the Past tense and Participle II by inserting a special suffix between the root and the ending.
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