Theme 8. Science as a profession. Ideals and norms of science
The purpose of the lecture: revealing the features of science as a profession, the analysis of the ideals and standards of the scientific community, as well as state and prospects of development of science in Kazakhstan.
Plan:
1. Science as a profession and a particular type of activity.
2. The norms and values of the scientific community.
3. Priority areas of science in the Republic of Kazakhstan.
Basic concepts: a profession, calling, type of activity, norms, values, scientific ethos, priorities in the development of science.
Science as a profession and a particular type of activity. Science turns into a complex social institution at the end of the XIX century, when scientists begin to systematically receive a salary for their work. There is recognition of the economic significance of scientific activity. Sign in scientific discourse can now not everyone, for this subject must have a number of established social qualities (higher education, master's degree, publications, etc.).
Science develops its own ethos - a set of rules which must be followed for each individual scientist, if he wants to remain a member of the scientific community.
Max Weber, in his article "Science as a Vocation" notes that "at present the ratio of the scientific production as a profession is primarily due to the fact that science has entered a phase of specialization, which did not know before ... a single individual can create in Science is something completed only if strict specialization".[2]
Scientists as a professional acts as a supplier of specialized knowledge and responsibility only for their reliability and validity. The scientist as a professional must be aware of the limits of their competence; moral, aesthetic, philosophical, religious preferences and assessment scientists believe it’s a personal matter and the science today is not included.
Transformed into a profession, science has become a technique of mastering the external environment of peace and life. It answers the question: what should be done to the result was the most effective, but questions about the meaning of human activity and the world at large does not consider.
The norms and values of the scientific community. Ethos is a set of norms and values, reproducing from generation to generation and is mandatory for a man of science. Ethos outlines the range of possible acceptable behavior within science as a social institution. The scientific ethos associated with the organization of relations in the scientific community, it constitutes, integrates and (importantly) provides autonomy to the scientific community. Society can not and should not intervene in the case of scientists, but scientists can not and should not interfere in matters of morality, theology, politics, etc. Participants of the scientific community to draw conclusions about the adequacy of their research and results in relation to reality, not People from the outside. So the scientific ethos evolved since the first scientific communities (early XVII century).
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For the first time the scientific ethos described by Robert Merton in "Normative structure of science" (1942). Based on the fact that the truth is the main value of science, he has identified the following standards:
- Universalism - the belief that the study science phenomenon occurs around the same and the truth of scientific judgment must be assessed regardless of gender, race, age, etc.;
- Collectivism - available scientific knowledge becomes a common heritage;
- Lack of interest - primary stimulus actions scientist is disinterested search for truth; recognition, rewards are consequences and not the goal;
- Organized skepticism - every scientist is responsible for what is done by him and his colleagues, and the fact that his assessment became public. You can not blindly trust authority predecessors. On the one hand the respect necessary, but a skeptical assessment must also take place.
The ethos is a mechanism to maintain standards. The scientific ethos is main positive sanction - peer recognition, and the negative - to ignore. According to Merton: if the researcher follows the rules he is a true scientist.
Priority areas of science in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Name of the (specialized areas) in the framework of research priorities for the development of science:
1. Rational use of natural resources, processing of raw materials and products
- Applied research:
• technologies and methods to fill the mineral resource base and water resources;
• mining technologies;
• technology of processing of raw materials and products;
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• technology of new materials;
• problems of ecology and environmental management;
• theoretical bases of reception of multifunctional materials and coatings with a given set of properties.
- Fundamental research:
• theoretical bases of complex processing of hydrocarbon raw materials and environmental management;
• fundamental scientific research in the field of processing of raw materials and products;
• rational use of natural resources and ensuring the equilibrium state of the environment in Kazakhstan;
• fundamental problems of materials science.
2. Energy and Mechanical Engineering
- Applied research:
• renewable and alternative energy sources and energy use of industrial and household waste;
• heat and power generation and energy-efficient technologies;
• nuclear and hydrogen power;
• the impact of the energy sector on the environment;
• energy and automotive engineering;
• agricultural and food engineering;
• Petroleum Engineering;
• mining and metallurgical engineering;
• Mechanical engineering, automation and robotics.
- Fundamental research:
• fundamental scientific research in the field of energy and engineering.
3. Information and communication technologies
- Applied research:
• information technology;
• telecommunications systems and technologies;
• Intelligent Systems and Technology;
• software and hardware and systems;
• geographic information systems and technologies;
• intelligent robotic systems;
• advanced information technologies in scientific and educational processes.
- Fundamental research:
• fundamental scientific research in the field of information and telecommunication technologies:
• theoretical bases of the mathematical modeling of technological processes.
4. Life Sciences
- Applied research:
• New technologies to address the challenges of aging and prolong life;
• molecular, biochemical and cellular bases of living systems;
• scientific basis for improving the productivity and sustainability of plants and animals;
• new biological products for medicine, agriculture;
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• Development of biomedical and genetic engineering.
- Fundamental research:
• fundamental research in chemistry and biology.
5. The intellectual potential of the country
- Fundamental research in the field of socio-economic sciences and humanities:
• study of the socio-economic conditions of development of high-tech competitive production (economy);
• research in the field of realization of social and economic policy of the state in modern conditions;
• topical issues of social and social sciences and humanities, and interdisciplinary studies.
- Fundamental research in the field of natural science:
• basic research in mathematics, mechanics, physics.
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