Theme 6. Basic concepts and directions of the non-classical and post-nonclassical stage of history and philosophy of science (2 hours)
The purpose of the lecture: a critical analysis of the basic concepts of non-classical and post-nonclassical stage of scientific development.
Plan:
1. Epistemology of neo Kantianism: Baden and Marburg schools.
2. The positivist tradition in the philosophy of science.
3. Post-modernism and science.
Basic concepts: the epistemology of neo Kantianism, social and humanitarian knowledge, positivism, postmodernism.
Epistemology of neo Kantianism: Baden and Marburg schools. Neo Kantianism - direction of the German philosophy of the second half of XIX - early XX centuries. The central slogan of the neo-Kantians was "Back to Kant!" Was formulated by Otto Liebmann in "Kant and imitators" (1865) in a crisis of philosophy and fashion of materialism.
The neo-Kantianism distinguish Baden school (Freiburg, south-west), to focus on issues of values and methodology of the humanities, and Marburg school, primarily engaged in logical and methodological issues of the natural sciences.
Baden school of neo-Kantianism is associated with the names of Wilhelm Windelband (1948-1915) and Rickert (1863-1939), which developed mainly issues related to the methodology of the humanities.
Ideas of Rickert and Windelband had a great influence on the formation of understanding sociology of Max Weber, on the development of contemporary American sociological thought on the general evolution of the methodology of the historical sciences.
The famous neo-Kantian Marburg school, which for decades has become a center of attraction for philosophers of different countries, created by Professor Hermann Cohen of the University of Marburg. The key thesis of the Marburg school was that all of the latest discoveries in science and the nature of modern research activities are irrefutable evidence of an active constructive role of the human mind in all spheres of life. Mind, which is endowed with a man does not reflect the world, but, on the contrary, creates it. It makes the connection and order in the hitherto incoherent and chaotic existence. Without his creative activity ordering the world turns into nothing, in a dark and silent oblivion. Reason is an inherent human light that, like a spotlight, illuminates things and processes in the world, giving them the logic and meaning. "Just thinking itself - wrote the founder of the Marburg school Hermann Cohen - can produce what may be referred to as being".
Historical and actual-value neo Kantianism heuristic is that it has made a significant contribution to modern epistemology, philosophy of science, methodology of socio-humanitarian knowledge, philosophy of language, myth, philosophy of culture.
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The positivist tradition in the philosophy of science. Positivism was a philosophical direction of XIX-XX centuries, which emphasizing the reliability and value of positive scientific knowledge compared with other forms of spiritual activity, preferring the empirical methods of knowledge and points to the unreliability and the precariousness of the theoretical constructs. In its development, positivism took four steps, while maintaining some of the main features, which allow us to speak of it as a single direction of philosophical thought.
The founder of positivism was Auguste Comte (1798-1857), who formulated in their program "The course of positive philosophy" and "Spirit of positive philosophy" the basic provisions of positivism. The ideological credo of the first form of positivism is the progress and order.
These features are preserved in the second positivism, which has gained wide popularity in the scientific community in the late XIX - early XX centuries. The leaders of positivism in this period are the Austrian physicist and philosopher Ernst Mach and the Swiss philosopher Richard Avenarius, giving a new form of positivism, called "Machism" or "Empiriocriticism". The difference between these stages is in that the main task of philosophy is not to build a comprehensive system of scientific knowledge and the creation of the theory of scientific knowledge.
The third surge of interest in positivism manifested itself in the early XX century, when formed and quickly gained widespread popularity neo, or logical positivism. Its distinctive feature is that if the basic setting of positivist philosophy is widely used the apparatus of mathematical logic to the formulation and solution of philosophical problems. The most famous representatives of logical positivism: Bertrand Russell (1872-1970) - English philosopher, logician, mathematician, who believed that any philosophical problem must be approached from the standpoint of its analysis by means of mathematical logic and Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889-1951) - author of the "Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus" and others.
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In place of the methodology of neo came a new direction in philosophy - Post Positivism. Post Positivism in the development of scientific knowledge of the methodology was presented by the works of philosophers such as Karl Popper (1902-1994), Thomas Kuhn (1922-1996), Imre Lakatos (1922-1974), and others. The variety of the philosophy of science concepts developed within Post Positivism caused a lot of new problems. This has resulted in the creation of awareness of the hopelessness of generally accepted theory that describes the structure and development of science. This circumstance has affected the completion of the next stage in the philosophy of positivism - Post Positivism.
Today Post Positivism lost much of its former importance. This is due to the fact that the establishment of generally accepted theory of the development of science was at a standstill. Have discussions containing within itself Post Positivism many conflicting points of view, it has once again shown the pluralistic nature of philosophical knowledge.
Post-modernism and science. Since 70-ies of XX century nonclassical science replaced postnonclassical science. It is a new type of knowledge, which is fundamentally different from the classical science and modern science. It is characterized by an increase in subjectivity, humanistic, self-criticism and the revision of his classic features, such as objectivity and truth.
In the classic style of scientific knowledge the attention of the researcher focuses on the characteristics of the object at the elimination of all that is related to the subject. The non-classical rationality takes into account the correlation of characteristics of the object of knowledge and means used by the subject. Postnonclassical type correlates knowledge about the object, not only the means but also with the target settings of the knowing subject.
Correlation of post-modernism and modern science was set Lyotard (1979). Today, it is obvious parallels exist between postnonclassical science with its uncertainty, incomplete, unverifiable and fundamental methodological principles of postmodernism. "Modern" world, including the social world organized categories of determinism, universality, certainty and direction of development. Postmodern social theory uses a category of uncertainty, nonlinear, multi-variant. It is reconciliation with essentially pluralistic nature of the world and its inevitable consequence - and the occasional ambivalence of human existence.
Synergy gives you a sort of «natural science» legitimizes the ideas of postmodernism. Their response promotes the establishment of a new world, a new methodology of knowledge, accelerating the collapse of the classic stage-linear models of history, the development of new approaches to it as the principle of openness, variability, alternative processes necessary to assume the "choice".
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