Theme 2. Ideological foundations of science
The purpose of the lecture: revealing the features of scientific knowledge and the definition of the philosophical foundations of science.
Plan:
1. Features of scientific knowledge.
2. Worldview's role in the development of the philosophy of science.
3. Humanistic horizons of science.
Basic concepts: the objective laws of reality, perception of truth, the language of science, culture of thinking.
Features of scientific knowledge:
- The main objective of scientific knowledge is the discovery of the objective laws of reality;
- The immediate goal and the supreme value of scientific knowledge - comprehension of objective truth;
- Scientific knowledge opens the possibility not only of predicting the future, but also its formation;
- The language of science (both natural and artificial);
- Specific tools (scientific equipment);
- The culture of thinking scientist.
In modern methodology is also made other scientific criteria, such as rigor, consistency, verifiability, openness to criticism, reproducibility, etc.
Worldview's role in the development of the philosophy of science. Philosophy, as the methodology of science, is also the basis of scientific knowledge. There are several varieties of the philosophical foundations of science. Ontological foundations of science understand of the picture of the world, the laws of functioning and development. The epistemological foundations of science are the provisions of the nature of scientific knowledge. The logical foundations of science are science rules adopted abstraction, concept formation and statements. The methodological foundations of science understand of the methods of opening and acquiring knowledge, methods of proof. Axiological foundations of science understand of the practical and theoretical importance of science as whole or individual sciences in the overall system of science, about the purposes of science, scientific progress.
Ideological grounds are also a kind of philosophical foundations of science. The philosophy of science is the function of ideological interpretation. Philosophy helps justify belief pushes to rethink certain positions and help transform spontaneously formed a human looks at an elaborate, well-founded understanding of the world.
Humanistic horizons of science. Modern philosophy of postmodernism argues that science must recognize their place in the overall system of human culture and outlook. Postmodernism rejects in principle the selection of any one sphere of human activity or a single feature in the outlook as the lead. All that has been created by man, is part of its culture, it is important and necessary for a person to meet their own objectives. That is what should be done post-nonclassical science - to recognize the limits of their efficacy and fruitfulness, to recognize the equality of these spheres of human activity and culture as religion, philosophy, art, and the ability to recognize the impact of non-rational ways of understanding of reality. In addition, the post-modern science is more interested in a way of itself as some kind of social and cultural reality includes a human subject, allowing the element of subjectivity in an objectively true knowledge. This is the modern trend of humanization of science. The resulting image is not frozen; he is focused on continuous renewal, open innovation. In postmodernism the observer is aware of itself part of the test of the world, is actively cooperating with the observed object, knowledge of post-nonclassical science is dialogic.
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At the core of the postmodernism the idea of global evolutionism - general, nonlinear, self-modifying, self-organizing, self-regulating system, in the depths of which appear and disappear from the integrity of the physical fields and elementary particles to the biosphere and larger systems. This concept also includes the idea of linearity, the ability to have the opposite effect, the variability of the world. This world is not made up of elementary particles, the building blocks and of a set of processes - vortexes, waves, turbulent motions. This world is like a "bubble" infinitely diverse interacting open systems with feedback. This world is not an object but a subject.
An important feature of post-nonclassical science will have to be complex, blurring and partitions between the traditionally distinct natural, social and technical sciences, the intensification of inter-disciplinary research; the impossibility of the problem is solved without the involvement of these other sciences. Also, scientific activities linked to the revolution in the means of storing and retrieving knowledge (computerization of science, the use of complex and expensive instrument complexes, approximating science to industrial production), with the increasing role of mathematics.
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Modern science was a prerequisite for the preparation of the subject of knowledge and a prerequisite for the practical production activities. Modern knowledge is the premise of the production and reproduction of man as the subject of the historical process, as a person, as an individual, which significantly expands the horizons of the humanistic sciences.
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