The approximate scheme of assessment of knowledge in the discipline
| Types of occupations and work of students | Number of points (min\max) | |
| I | Current control: - lectures - seminar - independent work | 2,5/5 7,5/15 10/20 |
| Total | 20/40 | |
| II | Intermediate control: In semester are two controls to 10 points | 10/20 |
| Total | 30/60 | |
| III | Final control: Exam | 20/40 |
| Total | 50/100баллов |
The approximate scheme assessments of students' knowledge in scores on the exam
| The examination | The scoring | |
| 1 | 3 (satisfactorily) | 20/29 |
| 2 | 4 (good) | 30/35 |
| 3 | 5 (excellent) | 36/40 |
Scale of assessment of students' knowledge:
| Based on letter system | Digital equivalent points | Percentage points | Based on the traditional system |
| А | 4,0 | 100 | EXCELLENT |
| А- | 3,67 | 90-94 | |
| В+ | 3,33 | 85-89 | GOOD |
| В | 3,0 | 80-84 | |
| В- | 2,67 | 75-79 | |
| С+ | 2,33 | 70-74 |
SATISFACTORILY |
| С | 2,0 | 65-69 | |
| С- | 1,67 | 60-64 | |
| Д+ | 1,33 | 55-59 | |
| Д | 1,0 | 50-54 | |
| F | 0 | 0-49 | NOT FAIR |
HANDOUT
Theme 1. Introduction
The purpose of the lecture: identification and formulation of the main goals, object and subject of the course, the analysis of science as a social institution, as well as the definition of the phenomenon of science and its place in the culture.
Plan:
1. Subject of the course "History and Philosophy of Science."
2. Science as a social institution.
3. The place and role of science in culture: scientism and anti-scientism.
4. The phenomenon of science as a subject of special analysis: internalism and externalism.
Basic concepts: the history of science, the philosophy of science, the components of science as a social institution, scientism and anti-scientism, internalism and externalism.
The subject of the course "History and Philosophy of Science." Science is the subject of a special analysis. As part of the discipline of "History and Philosophy of Science" Science is considered from the standpoint of its historical development, as well as methodological and ideological grounds, based on the philosophical analysis of the phenomenon of science.
The purpose of discipline "History and Philosophy of Science" is to introduce graduate students to the structure of scientific knowledge, the methods of scientific research, with the functions of scientific theories and laws; expansion of their ideological outlook; development of ideas about the scientific criteria and requirements to be met by scientific research and its results, as well as the development of the style of scientific thinking through the study of history and philosophy of science.
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Problems of the discipline:
- The study of the basic ideas and the results of the philosophy and methodology of science;
- Knowledge of specific scientific research;
- Identification of the philosophical and methodological problems of the study of scientific knowledge;
- Assistance to independent and critical thinking.
The object of the course "The history and philosophy of science" is science as a cognitive activity, tradition, a social institution and as a special sphere of culture. The subject of the course is the study of the general laws of scientific knowledge in its historical development and the changing social and cultural context, as well as limiting the epistemological assumptions that define the awareness that such knowledge.
Science as a social institution is a special, relatively independent form of social consciousness and the sphere of human activity, serving as a historical product of a long development of human civilization, spiritual culture, to develop their own styles of communication and interaction of people, forms of division of labor research and standards consciousness of scientists.
The process of institutionalization of science evidence of its independence, the official recognition of the role of science in the social division of labor, and the claims of science to participate in the distribution of material and human resources. Science as a social institution has its own branch structure and uses both cognitive and organizational and moral resources. As a social science institute includes the following components:
- Combination of knowledge and their carriers;
- The existence of specific cognitive goals and objectives;
- The performance of certain functions;
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- Availability of specific means of learning and institutions;
- To develop forms of monitoring, review and assessment of scientific advances;
- The existence of certain sanctions.
Modern scientific practice is carried out only within the framework of science, understood as a social institution. Institutional modern science dictates the ideal of rationality which totally subordinated to the socio-cultural and institutional requirements and regulations. The process of institutionalization includes the following components:
- Responsible for the production of new knowledge, academic and university research;
- Concentration of resources required for scientific innovations and their implementation,
- The banking system and the system of financing;
- Legitimizing innovations executive and legislative bodies, such as the Scientific Council and the Higher Attestation Commission in the process of awarding of academic degrees and titles;
- Press Institute;
- Organizational and administrative institutions;
- A judicial institution designed to allow or stop the internal academic conflicts.
Currently, the institutional approach is one of the dominant instances of scientific development. However, it has drawbacks: exaggeration of the role of formal aspects, lack of attention to the psychological and socio-cultural foundations of human behavior, rigid prescriptive scientific activity, ignoring the informal development opportunities.
The place and role of science in culture: scientism and anti-scientism. Science and technological progress have led not only to certain benefits and improve the quality of people's lives, but also gave rise to destructive forces threatening the existence of human civilization. Therefore, in modern culture and philosophy science has a controversial issue. This is evident in two opposing ideological positions - scientism and anti-scientism.
From the perspective of scientism, scientific knowledge is the highest cultural value and sufficient condition for human orientation in the world. Ideal for scientism are the results and methods of natural sciences. At the same time scientism downplayed or even denied by the social sciences as having no cognitive value and rejected the humanistic nature of science itself.
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Anti-scientism underlines the limitations of science, and in its extreme forms, interprets it as a force alien and hostile to the true essence of human virtue, destroying culture. Methodological basis of anti-scientism is absolutisation negative results of science and technology (the aggravation of the ecological situation, the danger of war, etc.)
There is no doubt that the two positions with regard to the science contain a number of rational points, the synthesis of which will more accurately determine its place and role in the modern world. At the same time the same mistake as the prohibitive absolute science, and underestimated and the more completely reject it. It should be an objective attitude towards science, scientific knowledge, to see them sharply contradictory process of development.
The phenomenon of science as a subject of special analysis: internalism and externalism. In the history and philosophy of science have developed two contrasting approach sees science as a special phenomenon, it is internalism and externalism.
Internalism makes the emphasis on factors related to the intrinsic nature of scientific knowledge. Paradigms, methodological programs and other ways to solve scientific problems, in other words, its own cognitive tools of science is an essential factor in its development. Therefore, the main focus on the study of science supporters internalism directed to the description of actual cognitive processes.
Externalism considers that science arise due to her external social, economic, political circumstances. Therefore, the main task of the science is the reconstruction of social and cultural conditions and orientations of scientific and cognitive activity at certain stages of development of science. These terms and guidelines serve as the main factor directly determines the emergence and development of science, its structure, especially the direction of its evolution.
Internalism and externalism sidedly exaggerating the role and importance of the really important factors in the development of science, whereas it is necessary to consider both internal and external conditions for the development of science in their relationship and interaction.
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