Theme 4. The emergence and establishment of science. Science in the Ancient World, the Middle Ages and the Renaissance (2 hours)
The purpose of the lectures: historical and logical analysis of the stages of formation and development of science.
Plan:
1. Previous science of Ancient World.
2. Scientific knowledge in the Middle Ages.
3. Background of the experimental method.
Concepts: Previous science, syncretism, secularization, the relationship between science and religion, geocentricism, heliocentrism, the experimental method.
Previous-science of Ancient World was formed gradually accumulating knowledge in the natural sciences in the process of practical human activity. In the most organized societies, established by government and religious structures and mastered writing - Sumeria and Babylon, Egypt, India, China, Greece and Rome - the natural elements of knowledge are beginning to go beyond the practice and become self-sufficient subject of activity. This is exemplified in mathematics, medicine, astronomy and other systems of previous-science of Ancient World.
From the standpoint of science researchers, features of the eastern previous-science are the following:
- Syncretism (the science is inscribed in a practical and philosophical knowledge);
- Prescriptive nature of knowledge (the rules do not go into the theory and laws);
- The sacred character of knowledge, having the seal of secrecy.
Antique previous-science due to social and cultural features such as:
- Formation of the polis civilization;
- Democratic governance;
- Borrowing elements of Eastern cultures;
- The relationship with art and religion.
Scientific knowledge in the Middle Ages. In the history of philosophy and science of the Middle Ages can be divided into two constituent elements - Arab-Muslim and Western European.
The medieval culture of the Arab East (V-XVI centuries) is a culture of Arabia and the countries that underwent Arabization and in which there was an Arab nation - Iran, Syria, Palestine, Egypt and other North African countries. Later Arabs influenced upon the Volga Bulgaria and the countries of Central Asia.
Throughout the vast territory of the Caliphate, the powerful unifying force which was Islam, arise a new culture, which reached an all-time peak in the IX-XI centuries. Guided by calling the Quran to seek new knowledge and learning about nature for the sake of finding signs of the Creator, the Muslims created a society which in the Middle Ages was the scientific center of the world. In XII-XIII centuries the main work of the Arab mathematicians, opticians, physicians, musicologists were translated into Latin and became the basis of science and technology of the European Middle Ages.
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In the era of the Middle Ages of Western European science became dependent on theology and its development slowed down considerably. Nature begins to be understood as created by God, and not as an independent beginning of the world, has its purpose and its law. Change the perception of nature, Christianity has changed the understanding of the human relationship to it. Of Natural interest in the study of nature is weakened because it does not allow the past to know the reasons and grounds of its own existence: they cannot be opened by the man on the ground with the help of reason. However, it was in the Middle Ages obtained their university development. Paradoxically, the synthesis of science and education begins in the era of the rule of religion. Medieval universities, which subsequently became the center of science, played an important role in the process of secularization, liberation from the cultural authority of the church, the separation of philosophy and theology, science and scholasticism.
Background of the experimental method. At the root of the formation of experimental science are Nicolas Copernicus (1473-1543) and Galileo Galilees (1564-1642). Copernicus concluded falsity geocentric Ptolemaic teachings. The main scientific work is dedicated to the treatment of Copernicus celestial bodies. It presents the theory of heliocentrism.
Go to the experimental study of nature and mathematical processing of experimental results enabled Galileo discovered the laws of motion of freely falling bodies. The principal difference between the new methods of investigating the nature of natural philosophy lay in the fact that it systematically tested the hypothesis experience. The experiment can be viewed as a question addressed to nature. To get him a definite answer, it is necessary to formulate the question to get it completely unambiguous and definite answer. To do so build an experiment to isolate much as possible from the effects of extraneous factors that interferes with the observation of the studied phenomenon in its "pure form." In turn, the hypothesis, which is a matter of nature, should allow empirical testing of its output of certain consequences. To this end, starting with Galileo became widely used math to quantify the results of the experiments.
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In this way Galileo was able to disprove the former assumption made by Aristotle, that the path of a falling body is proportional to its speed. Therefore, Modern science has been characterized by confrontation between man and nature, active intervention in the natural objectivity and converting it according to their interests.
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