Theme 5. Modern European Science - the classic stage of the development of science
The purpose of the lecture: analysis of the classical stage of scientific development and the identification of elements of classical science.
Plan:
1. The formation of Science of Modern time.
2. The mechanical worldview of Isaac Newton.
3. German classical philosophy and classical science.
Basic concepts: the methodology of science, rationalism, empiricism, the mechanical picture of the world, classical science.
The formation of Science of Modern time. The development of philosophy of modern time begins with the question of the need to create an entirely new method of scientific knowledge. This method will be common to all scientists and able to provide reliable, evidence-based knowledge about the world. Influence of philosophy of science of modern times is determined, above all, the creation of two major philosophical and methodological concepts - rationalism and empiricism.
Rationalism is trend in modern philosophy, whose representatives argued the possibility of knowing reality from the pure principles of thinking, independent of experience. The founder of classical rationalism was Rene Descartes. Central to the methodology of Descartes takes the principle of evidence or intellectual intuition - the focus of classical rationalism. The only criterion of truth is the mind; true only that which is conceived mind quite clearly and distinctly; what is conceived clearly and distinctly, it is the true being. «Cogito ergo sum» - «I think, therefore I exist" - known formula of Descartes.
Empiricism is direction in the philosophy of the New Age, recognized as the foundation of knowledge - experience. The founder of empiricism was Francis Bacon. Bacon has developed a method of experimental induction, which became the core of a comprehensive program of scientific and technological power of humanity. Bacon was a real "prophet", a herald of modern scientific and technological civilization. His famous aphorism - "Knowledge - force."
The mechanical worldview of Isaac Newton. Isaac Newton in his fundamental work "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy" explained the mechanics of a system of laws, the law of universal gravitation, gave a general approach to the study of various phenomena on the basis of "the principles of the method." For Newton, it was very important to the legacy of his predecessors: "If I have seen further, it is by standing on the shoulders of giants." Among these giants in the first place should be called Galileo and Kepler.
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The mechanistic world view was based on the following four principles.
1. The world is built on a common foundation - on the laws of Newtonian mechanics. All observed in the nature of the conversion and thermal phenomena at microphenomena boiled down to the mechanics of atoms and molecules, their movements, collisions, coupling, separation. It was believed that the discovery in the middle of the XIX century the law of conservation and transformation of energy and proved mechanical unity of the world.
2. In the mechanistic view of the world all the causal relationships unambiguous, prevails Laplace determinism. In the world there are accuracy and prejudging the future.
3. In the mechanistic view of the world there is no development - the whole world is the way it always was. The mechanistic view of the world is actually rejected a qualitative change, reducing everything to a purely quantitative changes.
4. The mechanistic picture based on the idea that the microcosm is similar to macrocosm. It was believed that the mechanics can explain the microcosm of the behavior of atoms and molecules.
At its core, this is a metaphysical view of the world, the diversity of the world was reduced to mechanics, quality development, as well as what is happening in the world that are strictly pre-defined and unambiguous.
In the history of science, classical mechanics has developed a new theoretical field of natural science, which became the foundation of the mechanistic view of the world. The mechanistic view of the world is the beginning, which is based on the following picture of the world, builds on the success of synergy, or the idea of global evolutionism.
German classical philosophy and classical science. Immanuel Kant was the founder of German classical philosophy. In his famous works "The Critique of Pure Reason", "Critique of Practical Reason" and "Critique of Judgment" have been set out the idea of a system of transcendental philosophy. Kant calls transcendental study of establishing the conditions under which it is possible to, or knowledge of the subjects regardless of experience, a priori. Solving this question, Kant makes the so-called Copernican revolution in the philosophy: a priori knowledge in general, and metaphysics in particular, are only possible because knowledge is not consistent with the objects and the objects themselves must conform to our cognitive ability.
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The largest German thinkers after Kant sought to overcome its dualism (between the phenomenon and the "thing in itself") and the related agnostic (statement unknowable "things in them"). Itself the subject must be the product of its own active and spontaneous activity in and through which should be "put" the diversity of the material and the spiritual world - that's the basic idea of post-Kantian dialectical idealism, first expressed by Fichte and Hegel fully developed.
Classical science is defined by a set of specific criteria:
- The scientific objective is recognized, ie, aimed at a specific object, apprehended through experience;
- Science is a seasoned character of knowledge. The main methods for the preparation and verification of acquired knowledge are used observation, measurement, and experiment. Therefore, the scientific experiment is always high demands of repeatability and reproducibility, anywhere, at any time without any changes;
- Classical science should be reliable and have a general relevance and universality of scientific knowledge, i.e., to be inter-subjective. Accordingly, the reliability of scientific statement is above, if subjective contained herein is less.
German classical philosophy formulated main theses of classical science, based on the epistemological principles of subject-object relations, onto-epistemological aspects of the science of knowledge, methodology of dialectical logic and epistemology of other moments, continued to further neo-Kantian schools.
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