Theme 10. Scientific traditions and scientific revolution
The purpose of the lecture: identifying the relationship of scientific traditions and scientific revolutions and their impact on the change of types of scientific rationality.
Plan:
1. Scientific traditions and the emergence of new knowledge.
2. Problems of the typology of scientific revolutions.
3. Global Revolution and the change in the type of scientific rationality.
Basic concepts: scientific tradition, scientific revolution, scientific rationality.
Scientific traditions and the emergence of new knowledge. Tradition in science is a mechanism for the accumulation, preservation and transmission of scientific knowledge. Traditions constitute the basic skeleton of science as a social institution. With traditions in science is linked to certain established views knowledge of the world, worked out by generations of scientists and their attempts to put new scientific challenges. Traditions vary in their mode of existence - they are either expressed in the texts, monographs, textbooks, or do not have explicit verbal means of subsistence. Non-verbal (or implicit) knowledge is transmitted by the type specimens from teacher to student, from one generation to another ("implicit knowledge" Michael Polanyi).
Innovations in science is possible only within the framework of tradition (which confirms the idea of Kuhn), but there is a variety of traditions, which suggests the interdisciplinary (cooperation traditions) as an important condition for obtaining new knowledge.
The restructuring of research strategies leads to scientific revolutions, during which there is a change in the picture of the world (with the ideals and norms of scientific research remain unchanged), or simultaneously with the change of image of the world are changing not only the ideals and standards of science but also its philosophical foundation.
Problems typology of scientific revolutions. There are four types of scientific revolutions on the following grounds:
- The emergence of new fundamental theoretical concepts;
- Development of new methods;
- Opening new research facilities;
- The formation of new methodological programs.
Also highlights the types of scientific revolutions on other grounds:
- Segment changing scientific knowledge: the discovery of new methods, new paradigms;
- The breadth of coverage: global revolution, private (in a separate science), complex (Darwin's theory, etc.).
The mechanism of the scientific revolution is described by Thomas Kuhn in "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions." The symptoms are:
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- An expression of dissatisfaction with the existing paradigm;
- An attempt to "hard core" paradigmatic theory;
- The predominance of search experiments on the check;
- Increased interest in the foundations of science.
Global Revolution and the change in the type of scientific rationality. In the history and philosophy of science is divided into four global scientific revolutions:
- The establishment of classical science;
- Natural-scientific revolution;
- The formation of non-classical rationality;
- The formation of post-nonclassical rationality.
Revision of the picture of the world and the ideals of knowledge always begins with a critical review of their nature. Whereas previously they were perceived as an expression of the very essence of the reality studied and procedures of scientific knowledge, it is now realized their relative, transitory nature. This awareness implies asking questions about the relation picture of the world to study and understand the reality of the historicity of the ideals of knowledge. Posing such questions mean that a researcher from the field of special scientific problems beyond the scope of philosophical problems. Philosophical analysis is an essential point of criticism of the old foundations of scientific research.
In addition to the critical function of philosophy perform a constructive function, helping to develop new research base. Picture of the world, the ideals of explanation, justification and organization of knowledge can not be obtained purely inductively from the new empirical material. The material itself is organized and explained according to some methods of his vision, and the way to set the picture of the world of knowledge and ideals. New empirical material can detect a discrepancy between the old visions of a new reality, but by itself does not indicate how to rebuild this vision.
Rebuilding world view and ideals of knowledge requires specific ideas that allow you to rearrange the elements of the old concepts of reality and its knowledge of the procedures, eliminate some of them, insert new elements in order to allow existing paradoxes and assimilate the accumulated facts. Such ideas are formed in the philosophical analysis of the cognitive science of situations. They play the role of a very general heuristics, providing intensive development of studies.
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