Theme 12. The history and philosophy of social sciences and humanities
The purpose of the lecture: analysis of the history and philosophy of the social sciences and humanities, as well as definition of their civilization values.
Plan:
1. Philosophy as an integrated form of scientific knowledge.
2. Formation of the scientific disciplines of social and humanitarian cycle.
3. The social and cultural conditioning of scientific knowledge.
Basic concepts: knowledge of human, axiology, daily life, social and cultural phenomenon.
Philosophy as an integrated form of scientific knowledge. Philosophy is an integral form of scientific knowledge, including knowledge about the society, culture, history, science of man. Social philosophy, philosophy of culture, history, anthropology, philosophy and methodology are the updating of the assumptions of social sciences and humanities. Development of methodology of social and humanitarian knowledge depends on the type of scientific rationality. So within the framework of classical science formed the logical-epistemological approach (rationalist) to the study of social phenomena and cultural phenomena, including humans. In XX century the methodology varies social and humanitarian knowledge. In the first place there is not knowledge based social processes and human nature, and the disclosure of man's relationship to the world (natural and artificial), and to himself. So gradually within the paradigm of non-classical science formed the philosophical-anthropological approach, giving emphasis to the problems of ontology, anthropology and axiology.
If people in the dissemination of the traditions, society, culture exist in certain dependence on absolute principles - spirit, mind, nature, matter, from the standpoint of anthropologism people considered in the context of the inherent human existence spheres and factors. From the point of view of the rationalist tradition, the world develops according to its own laws, in terms of philosophical anthropology - person forms his existence, his typology and essential form. Subject rationalist philosophy is being, consciousness, cognition, communication. The subject of philosophical anthropology is the meaning of life, understanding, and communication. The social philosophy of great attention is paid to the phenomenon of daily life. Daily life is a life of well-known people in habitual situations, which is characterized by clearness of what is happening, orderly, pragmatic knowledge. Culture, society and people are a holistic and multifaceted. The fundamental principles of the study of the phenomena of culture, society, man are a microanalysis and multidimensionality. Any knowledge of the person, every life situation is a manifestation of a unified whole. Many disparate scientific data do not cancel the unity of man and manifest it in a special way. It is necessary to broaden the dialogue of all contexts of life in which man is involved today, ie to create a special dialog space social sciences and humanities to harmonize goals, objectives, methods and different studies.
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In the methodology of the XXI century forms a new post anthropology paradigm based on a person's ability to influence the surrounding reality.
Formation of scientific disciplines of social and humanitarian cycle. The social and humanitarian knowledge is concentrated in the review of relations within the system "man-society", where a person is being studied as a social-cultural phenomenon in the context of culture. The subject of social and humanitarian knowledge is not just a man, and a bunch of "man and the world", "man and society."
For social sciences cycle accepted to: economics, politics and law, psychology and social psychology, sociology, anthropology, ethnography; humanities - history, linguistics, art history, cultural studies, religious studies.
The social and humanitarian knowledge evolved over the centuries, starting with the thinking of philosophers of antiquity. The modern system of social sciences and humanities was formed in the late XIX - early XX centuries. It positions itself as a "comprehensive knowledge of human", covers all major areas of the universe: nature, society and the human spirit. Science got us accustomed to the features of universality, specialization and interdisciplinary connections. In contrast to the concrete philosophy of sciences aims to explore the historical process in general.
Importantly, the science of social and humanities are not impenetrable boundaries. For example, the economic analysis of society presupposes knowledge of the political, cultural, legal and other aspects of the phenomenon under study.
The number and content of the discipline depends on the development of society and its needs, the level of culture and the degree of development of the science and education system of a particular society.
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The social-cultural conditioning of scientific knowledge. In modern science, axiological, value aspects forming and functioning of the scientific method is fundamental scientific knowledge. The debate about whether there can be value-free science, continue and is represented by two main approaches: 1) science should be value neutral, it was recognized classical science, but today more and more perceived as simplistic and inaccurate; 2) values are a prerequisite for the formation and growth of scientific knowledge, but need to find rational forms, which record their presence and influence on the knowledge and activity, as well as generally understood their roles and features in each of the sciences. The second approach is based on the recognition that the values expressed in the science of its social-cultural conditionality as an essential characteristic becomes a defining philosophy and methodology of science, especially of social sciences and the humanities.
Social conditionality - Science in society acquires the status of a social institution; Science is also social-oriented (the status of scientific worker training system).
Cultural conditionality is inconceivable without science education system, economic activities, social and political forecasting, development of the fundamental problems of philosophy; Science is part of culture.
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