Complete the following sentences using the required information from the
Text.
1) The Constitution was drafted at a series of conventions…. 2) In 1901
Australia became a federation…. 3) The Constitution is divided into… and the
Schedule details… 4) “I’m, A.B., do swear that…. 5) However, the States are
bound by the Australian Constitution and…
Draw up an outline of the text in the form of questions and ask your
Groupmates to answer these questions.
Make up a list of unfamiliar legal terms that occur in the above text. Learn
Them.
Work in pairs. Compare the main country documents in Australia and
Ukraine.
LESSON 8
I. Vocabulary Work.
Arrange the words into groups according to the parts of speech.
Model:
Noun Verb Adjective
heritage develop distinct
Political, legislature, function, administrative, preservation, represent, real,
run, change, written, polling, involve, elected, favoured, succeed, adopt, ministerial, local, warrant, appoint, cease, assent, office, expiration, continue, confirm, protect, vote, candidate.
Explain the meaning of the following law terms. Suggest the Ukrainian
Equivalent or equivalents.
1) unicameral legislature
2) triennial elections
3) devolution
4) the rule of law
5) open scrutiny
6) civil liberties
7) law and order
8) egalitarian ideology
9) constitutional components of government
10) electorate
11) Oath of Allegiance
12) dissolution (of the Parliament)
13) expiration (of the Parliament)
14) bill
15) Under-Secretary
16) ombudsman
Read the text.
Government of New Zeland
Despite its British heritage, New Zealand’s governmental and legal structure
has developed a distinct identity. While it is still linked with Britain through the
retention of the monarchy, it is governed by its own Westminster-style parliamentary system, which is built on a unicameral legislature, triennial elections and two major political parties. Although there is some local government and some devolution of administrative functions to regions, most governmental functions are exer cised at the national level.
The social and political culture can be best be described as a liberal democratic
one, which emphasises ideals of democratic representation, the rule of law
and open scrutiny of and restriction upon governmental power. Thus, the prevailing political rhetoric emphasises the protection of civil liberties, the maintenance of law and order and preservation of an egalitarian ideology that underpins much of New Zealand’s social and political life.
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New Zealand is considered to be a constitutional monarchy. The Nation recognizes Queen Elisabeth II of Britain as its monarch. The Queen appoints the Governor- General to represent her in the country but he has little real power. The New Zealand legislature and the Prime Minister and the Cabinet run the government. Britain gave New Zealand a constitution in 1852 when it was a British colony. Through the years, the NZ legislature has changed almost all its provisions. NZ has no written constitution. But the 1986 Constitution Act deals with the principal constitutional components of government (the Sovereign, the Executive, Parliament and the Judiciary) and sets out rules for the handing over of governmental power. The 1990 Bill of Rights protects certain fundamental rights and freedoms of NZ citizens.
The Legislature. Legislature of NZ consists of only one house, the 99-
member House of Representatives, also called Parliament. The people in each 99
electorates (voting districts) elect one member of Parliament. Four electorates are
reserved for Maori candidates and voters, but a Maori who wishes to do so may
vote in general electorate. A Parliamentary election must be held at least three
years, but one may be held sooner. A member of the Parliament shall not be permitted to sit or vote until that member has taken the Oath of Allegiance. The Oath is to be administered by the Governor-General or a person authorised by Governor- General to administer that Oath.
The House of Representatives, at its first meeting after the general election
chooses one of its members as its Speaker and every such choice is effective on being confirmed by the Governor-General. Notwithstanding the dissolution or expiration of the Parliament, Speaker continues in office until the close of polling day at the next general election.
A Bill passed by the House of Representatives becomes law when Sovereign
or the Governor-General assents to it and signs it in token of such assent. The
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leader of the political party that wins the most seats in a parliamentary election becomes Prime Minister. The Prime Minister appoints a Cabinet to run the various
government departments. The Cabinet members, called ministers are members of
the Parliament from the Prime Minister’s party.
The Governor-General may from time to time, by warrant under the Governor-
General’s hand, appoint any member of the Parliament to be a Parliamentary
Under-Secretary in relation to such ministerial office or offices as are specified in
that behalf in the warrant of appointment. A Parliamentary Under-Secretary holds
office during the pleasure of the Governor-General, but shall vacate that office
within 28 days of ceasing to be a member of the Parliament.
Local government in NZ was reorganised in 1989. The new structure provided
for 14 elected councils at regional level and 73 elected councils at district level.
The main political parties in NZ are the Labour Party and the National Party.
There is no clear division between the policies of the two parties. Traditionally the
Labour Party has favoured governmental control and public regulation of industry,
and the National government which succeeded in 1990 have adopted strong market
economy policies.
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