Граматичний матеріал : Сполучники
Task 1 Fill in and but or so
1. Jaewon was cold, ________ he put on a coat.
2. Maria tried to read a novel in French,________ it was too difficult.
3. To get from Vancouver to Victoria, you can fly, ______ you can ride the ferry.
4. I bought a bottle of wine,_______ we drank it together.
5. The waiter was not very nice,_________ the food was delicious.
6. I went to buy a Rolling Stones CD, ________ the shop didn't have it.
7. Anna needed some money, ________ she took a part-time job.
8. There's so much rain lately! Maybe it's because of El Nino,_____ maybe it's just coincidence.
9. Julie has a guitar, ________ she plays it really well.
10. The concert was cancelled, ______ we went to a nightclub instead.
Task 2 Choose the right form
1. I will be late today ________ my car has broken down.
? though because
2.________ my wife likes to travel abroad, I prefer to stay at home for my vacations.
? Whereas Since
3.I don't drink coffee ________ it makes me nervous.
? although as
4.Paula got the job ________ she had no experience.
? as even though
5.Jun couldn't buy any Christmas presents ________ he didn't have any money.
? even though because
6.________ it was raining, I didn't get wet.
? Although Because
7.Jerry passed the exam first time ________ I had to retake it three times.
? as while
8.________ Mei Li doesn't speak English, she can't go to university in Canada.
? Since Whereas
Робота над текстом за профілем спрямування
Task 1: read the text; translate, be ready to answer the questions and retell the text
Task 2. The text below is concerned with the application of psychological theory in children's education in the USA.
Read the text and identify the topic:
a) the role of innate intelligence;
b) the nature of intelligence;
c) the impact of the theory of intelligence testing on American education.
In the United States, many different views of child development flourished none approaching the rigor (сила) and clarity (ясність) that an adequate theory had to achieve. These theories appeared to be not so much contradictory (суперечний) as unrelated to each other. Several schools of thought have been influential in America in shaping the education and child-rearing practices. Perhaps the theory of intelligence testing has had the greatest impact (вплив) on American education. This theory is based on the unproven assumption that children are born with innate abilities that are, for the most part, independent of social experience. Another assumption (твердження) is that innate differences of intelligence (интеллект) can be measured by a test. Later, such tests «discovered» differences in intelligence between races and socio-economic classes.
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However, with all the «scientific» test construction and sophisticated (складний) statistical analysis of results there has never been agreement on the nature of «intelligence» itself.
The theoretical question of the nature of intelligence was deemed unimportant. What was important in the period of development of monopoly capitalism was the role of IQ* as an explanation of classes, of the existence of wealth and poverty. To socialize children into accepting the Tightness of the existing social structure, they were «educated» to believe that innate intelligence was the basis for economic and social organization. Wealth could then be justified (виправдання) by intelligence. Only by
accepting their inferiority (неповноцінність) as the basis for their class position would children grow up to accept the status «quo» in a «harmonious» society.
Intelligence testing has been disastrous (пагубный) for many children, particularly from the lower socio-economic classes and minorities. Perhaps the most pernicious (шкідливий) practice in schools is ranking students into a hierarchy of «intelligence». Even where the group intelligence test has been discontinued because of community protest, standardized achievement tests have often taken their place to track students into slow, average (середній) and fast learners. The prevailing notion that the child is responsible (відповідальний) for his learning stems directly from IQ theory, which places ceiling on children's assumed abilities early in life. Many children, taught to doubt (сумніватися) their own potential, drop out and give up. The high dropout rate, the functional illiteracy, the feelings of frustration and inadequacy are the visible aspects of the serious psychological damage done to children's development. The failure of American schools to develop a degree of literacy equal to other industrial nations is shocking. American true literacy rate has dropped down to the level of Burma, Albania and the Fiji Islands according to 1980 UNESCO figures.
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1) Make the right choice: The theory of intelligence testing has had the greatest impact
a) on American education;
b) on education all over the world;
c) on education in Ukraine.
The theory of intelligence testing is based on the assumption that
a) children's innate abilities are independent of social experience;
b) there are no innate differences of intelligence between races and socio-economic classes;
c) abilities are not innate.
The role of IQ was important to accept that
a) society is responsible for the child's own learning;
b) wealth and poverty can be justified by intelligence;
c) innate intelligence wasn't the basis for economic and social organisation.
2) Rank the following statements to make up a summary of the text.
a) The theory of intelligence testing is based on the un-proven assumption that children are born with innate abilities that can be measured by a test;
b) The theory of intelligence testing has had the greatest impact on American education;
c) The notion that the child is responsible for his own learning stems from IQ theory;
d) Intelligence testing has been disastrous for many children, particularly from lower socio-economic classes and minorities;
e) The role of IQ as an explanation of classes, of the existence of wealth and poverty was important in the period of development of monopoly capitalism.
3) Here are two more summaries. Choose the best one and give your reasoning. The summary above is one of the possible summaries.
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a) The theory of intelligence testing is based on the
un-proven assumption that children are born with innate
abilities that can be measured by a test.
The role of IQ as an explanation of classes, of the existence of wealth and poverty was important in the period of development of monopoly capitalism in America. As a result the children were «educated» to believe that innate intelligence was the basis for economic and social organization.
This intelligence testing has been disastrous for many children, particularly from the lower socio-economic classes.
b) The theory of intelligence testing is based on the
un-proven assumption that children are born with innate
abilities.
They are independent of social experience and can be measured by a test.
“AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION”.
The object of the American Psychological Association shall be to advance psychology as a science and profession and as a means of promoting health and human welfare by:
• the encouragement of psychology in all its branches in
the broadest and most liberal manner;
• the promotion of research in psychology and the
improvement of research methods and conditions;
• the improvement of the qualifications and usefulness of
psychologists through high standards of ethics, conduct,
education, and achievement;
• the establishment and maintenance of the highest standards of professional ethics and conduct of the members of the association;
• the increase and diffusion of psychological knowledge through meetings, professional contacts, reports, papers, discussions, and publications ;
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