Ex.4. Перекладіть на українську/російську мову, звертаючи увагу на форми еквівалентів модальних дієслів
1. Some goods and services had to be given up in order to obtain the goods and services you need. 2. This means that consumers are more willing and able to buy larger quantities of goods and services at relatively lower prices. 3. You will not be able to sell all 40 gallons without reducing the price. 4. The management discovered that productivity increased when their employees had the latest information and when they were able to participate in production decisions. 5. All would agree, however, that the productivity of American workers will have to impove if the nation is to maintain its position as the world's leading industrial power. 6. These newer plants were able to draw away some of Intrepid's business by offering up-to-date products at a cost slightly lower than Intrepid's. 7. Intrepid was unable to regain the business it had lost and it was clear that the plant would never return to its former level of production. 8. Not only will workers lose their jobs but town government will probably have to cut back its services to almost nothing. 9. Some rich individuals and some huge corporations were able to avoid paying the income fax altogether.
Поєднання модального дієслова з пасивним інфінітивом
 Must + Infinitive Passive
Should (be + V3)
| потрібно, необхідно | The volume of sale should beincreased Об’єм продажу необхіднозбільшити |
 Can + Infinitive Passive
May
| можна | Can the terms of this contract be changed? Чи можна змінити умови цього контракту? |
 Cannot + Infinitive Passive
Can’t
| не можна | The terms of this contract cannot be changed. It is too late. Умови цього контракту змінити не можна. Дуже пізно. |
Ex.5. Перекладіть на українську/російську мову, звертаючи увагу на сполучення модального дієслова з Passive Infinitive.
I
1. All the preparations should be completed in a week. 2. The problem must be settled as soon as possible. 3. Some managers consider that changes ought to be introduced gradually. 4. He insists that the plan should be discussed next week.5. Our catalogues can be sent to you by mail. 6. The accounts must be checked. 7. This information may be got only at our firm. 8. This letter must be sent off at once. 9. The aсcounts had to be checked once more. 10. According to the contract the goods are to be delivered not later than the 15-th of March.
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II
1. Other economists say that the government should leave business alone and let the market determine what goods and services should be produced. 2.If more resources are used to increase the production of computers, then the production of something else that requires those same resources must be cut back. 3. Averages can be computerized in a number of different ways. 4. These may be needed to prove when and where you bought the item and the price you paid for it. 5. While there is nothing that anyone can do to eliminate all risks, there are things that can be done to reduce their costs. 6. Investment can be aimed at increasing productive capacity or at research and development (R&D). 7. R&D can be used to develop new processes, to cut the cost of production and improve productivity. 8. What can't be cured must be endured.9. Love and cough cannot be hid. 10. What is done cannot be undone. 11. Friendship is not to be bought at a fair.
Сполучення модального дієслова з перфектним інфінітивом
 Must Infinitive Perfect
May + (have + V3)
May
| повинно бути можливо напевно | He may have read this article. Він напевно прочитав цю статтю. |
 Can + not + Infinitive
Could Perfect
| не може бути, не можливо | He cannot have done it. Не може бути, щоб він зробив це |
   Could
Might + Infinitive Perfect
Ought to + Infinitive
Should Perfect
| можливо міг би слід було б | They might have overlooked something very important. Вони можливо прогледіли щось важливе You should have changed the terms of the contract Вам слід було б змінити умови контракту |
Ex. 6. Перекладіть на українську/російську мову, звертаючи увагу на сполучення дієслова з Perfect Infinitive.
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I
1. Some mistakes must have been made in writing this report.2. The expert pointed out that the goods must already have been in a bad condition at the time of dispatch. 3. The expert admits that the goods may have been damaged in transit. 4. You knew that he was ill. You should have called him. 5. You look ill. You oughtn't to have come to the Institute today. 6. He may have come back,but I have not seen him yet. 7.This tax return must have been done by a quallified auditor. 8. We could have made this translation more carefully, if we had had more time. 9. The goods must have been packed very carelessly.
II
1. He cannot have entrusted this scientific work to a man he has known for such a short period of time. 2. You could not have seen him there because he left the place two months ago. 3. He cannot have occupied this position, he has no experience at all. 4. She knew everything about our plans, she must have listened to our conversation. 5. When tax rates are so high that they discourage investment, the wealth and jobs that might have been created are lost. 6. You shouldn't have invested money into that business, it was too risky. 7. He couldn't have sold his shares, the enterprise was so profitable. 8. The plant could have produced this equipment, they possessed the know-how, but they had problems with material supplies.
ФУНКЦІЇ ДІЄСЛОВА TO BE
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