Ex.13. Перекладіть речення з Present Perfect Continuous на українську/російську мову, звертаючи увагу на те, що присудок перекладається теперішнім часом
1. Mr. and Mrs. Banks have been having a lot of problems in their apartment recently. 2. For several weeks the bedroom ceiling has been leaking, the refrigerator hasn't been working and the paint in the hallway has been peeling. 3. In addition, they have been taking cold showers since last week because the hot water heater hasn't been working, and they haven't been sleeping at night because the radiators have been making strange noises. 4. Mr. and Mrs. Banks are furious. They have been calling their landlord every day and complaining about their problems.5. He has been promising to help them, but they have been waiting for more than a week and he still hasn't fixed anything at all. 6.You have been following the principles of organization all of you life. 7. The EBRD has been participating in Ukraine’s development since December 1991. 8. Naturally, lobbyists have been providing politicians with information needed to make judgement. 9. Some economists, including Nobel Prize winners have been looking at the problems of the public sector as the inevitable consequence of the political process.
СЛОВНИК ДО ТЕМИ «ВИДО-ЧАСОВА СИСТЕМА АНГЛІЙСЬКОГО ДІЄСЛОВА»
approximately - приблизно
approach - підхід, наближатися
agenda - порядок денний
bear - нести
benefit - благо, прибуток, давати прибуток
breakdown - розлад, розруха
create - створити, творити
commission – комісія
competitive - конкурентний
claim - претензія
custodian – охорона, охоронець
commodity - ( тут) сировина
complain - скарга, скаржитися
cover - покривати, обкладинка
deletion - викреслювання, знищення
discount - знижка
discourage - розладнати
employ - наймати на роботу
entrance - вхід
expensive - дорогий
exchange - обмін, біржа
employee - службовець
fear - боятися, страх
fairness - справедливість
furious - лютий, скажений
goal - ціль
grant - нагороджувати, (тут) надати
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intervene - втручатися
insurance - страховка
L/C - аккредитив
level - рівень
leak - протікати
lay off - звільняти, звільнення
merger - злиття ( підприємства )
Mint - монетне подвір'я
melt - плавити
namely - саме
proceed - приступати до чого-небудь
prosperous – квітучий, перспективний
piecework - відрядна робота
penalty - штраф
paycheck - платіжний чек
peel - чистити, лущитися
remark - помічати, зауваження
reward – винагороджувати, нагорода
recognition - визнання
responsibility - відповідальність
receipt [ risi:t ] - розписка, квитанція
release - звільняти
stock - акція
semiskilled - не високого рівня підготовки, не кваліфікований
steady - постійний
subsidize - субсидіювати
strike - ( тут) чеканити
ship - перевозити
shelving system - стелажі
sign - підписувати, знак
statement - звіт
suspicion - підозра
survey - опитування
threaten - загрожувати
toward - по напрямку
in terms of - у перекладі на, відносно чогось
term - термін
whereby - за допомогою
МОДАЛЬНІ ДІЄСЛОВА
| Модальне дієслово | Еквіваленти модальних дієслів | Present | Past | Future |
| Can- могти (фізична можливість, розумова спроможність) | To be able (to)- могти | Can am is able (to) are I can read. I am able to read. | Could Was able (to) Were I could read I was able to read. | shall be able (to) will be able (to) I shall be able to read. |
  May- могти (допустимість вчинення дії : дозвіл або відмова)
| to be allowed (to)- мати дозвіл | May am is allowed to are He may take it. He is allowed to take it . | Might was allowed were (to) He might take it. He was allowed to take it . | shall be allowed (to) will be allowed (to) He will be allowed to take it . |
  Must - повинен
| to have (to) - бути змушеним в силу обставин to be (to) – бути зобов'язаним у силу плану або домовленості | Must have (to) has(to) am is (to) are He must meet him . He has to meet him. He is to meet him. | had (to) was were (to) He had (was) to meet him . | shall have(to) will He will (have) to meet him. |
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Should
Must
To have (to) зобов’язання
To be (to)
Ought (to )
To be obliged (to)
Can
To be able (to) фізична ,розумова спроможність
To be unable (to)
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May
To be allowed (to) дозвіл
To be permitted (to)
Need необхідність
EXERCISES (ВПРАВИ).
Ex.1. Перекладіть на українську/російську мову, звертаючи увагу на модальні дієслова.
1. You must settle our accounts with our creditors. 2. You needn't send a telex. I'll call them. 3. You should consult a lawyer. 4. You ought to introduce the changes gradually. 5. The goods are to be packed in strong cases. 6. You should be very careful with this equipment. 7. We must export more.8. It might be a good market for our products. 9. We can't let that one failure stop us from trying to break into a new market. 10. In business letters compliments must not be exaggerated, as they may produce the opposite effect and the reader may feel that the writer is being insincere. 11. He was taken from school and for some time he had to help his father in the trade.12. All the preparations should be completed in a week. 13. The scientist was obliged to leave his fatherland as he got no support from the authorities.14. A consumer must allocate (that is , divide) his available income increases among alternative goods. 15. When an individual’s income increases, he has more to spend on consumption. 16. If the government is to obtain more resources individuals have to consume less. 17. Chrysler (firm) was able to obtain loans from private investors and banks, and at a relatively low rate of interest. 18. You might also know that management is much more complex than doing a few tasks. 19. How often have you heard the comment “One of these days we’ll have to get organized”.
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Ex.2. Скажіть і напишіть такі речення в Past і Future Indefinite.
Зразок:
The secretary must know how to write business letters.
The secretary had to know how to write business letters.
The secretary will have to know how to write business letters.
1. We must thank the custom officer for his help. 2. This manager must go on business abroad. 3. They must tell him all about this transaction. 4. Accountants must widely use computers as well. 5. They must help the management to make wise decisions.
Зразок:
I can see the sea from my window.
I could see the sea from my window.
I'll be able to see the sea from my window.
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1. They can't see the accident. 2. You can leave the resume with the secretary. 3. Computers can do calculations very fast. 4. They can cancel their orders. 5. She can earn her living herself.
Зразок:
He may refer to these figures.
He might refer to these figures.
He will be allowed to refer to these figures.
1. You may come on Sunday. 2. We may fix the date of the appointment. 3. The workers may discuss these problems with the management. 4. He may call on me tonight and take the catalogues. 5. You may change the prices for these goods yourselves.
Ex.3.Перекладіть на англійську мову.
1. Я не можу закінчити роботу сьогодні. 2. Чи можете ви перекласти цей договір на англійську мову? 3. Їй cлід погодитися з їхніми умовами. 4. Вони змогли виконати всі умови договору. 5. Він запитав мене, чи може він взяти мій словник. 6. Ви можете скористатися моїм телефоном. 7. Вам не варто заповнювати цю форму червоними чорнилaми. 8. Стаття була дуже важкою і йому довелося скористатися словником. 9. Він повинен був зробити доповідь на нашому семінарі.
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