Часи групи Іndefinite (Active Voice)

V - Дієслово означає дію або стан у вигляді дії.

Особисті форми дієслова (Finite Forms of the Verb) виражають особу, число,спосіб,час, стан.

She lives in Kherson. - Вона живе в Херсоні.

They were invited to the concert. - Вони були запрошені на концерт.

We are working here. - Ми працюємо тут.

He has been teaching English all his live. - Він викладає англійську мову все своє життя.

У англійській мові є три способи: дійсний, наказовий і умовний.

They wanted to improve their knowledge by reading much. - Вони хотіли поліпшити свої знання, багато читаючи.

Speak a little slower, please. - Говоріть трохи повільніше, будь ласка.

I wish I were there at that moment. - Я б хотіла бути там у той момент.

Стандартні (правильні) і нестандартні (неправильні) дієслова (Regular and Irregular Verbs).

Правильні дієслова утворюють Past Indefiniteі Past Participle шляхом додавання до форми Інфінітива закінчення -ed:

Infinitive          Past Indefinite      Past Participle

to open                  opened                 opened

to work                 worked                 worked

to expect               expected               expected

Закінчення –edвимовляється:

        [d]                                       [t]                                         [id]

після дзвінких приголосних після глухих приголосних після t, d і голосних

   lived                                          helped                               wanted

   answered                                  finished                             intended

  До неправильних дієслів належать дієслова, що утворяююь Past Indefinite і Past Participle різними способами:

            Infinitive           Past Indefinite      Past Participle

             to begin                   began                       begun

             to meet                     met                           met

            to speak                    spoke                        spoken

            to give                      gave                          given

            to send                      sent                           sent

            to build                     built                         built

  У деяких неправильних дієслів усі три форми однакові:

           to cut                         cut                           cut

            to put                             put                           put

                                          Основні форми дієслова                 

     V1                  V2                              V3                                       V4       

Інфінітив   Минулий Неозначений Дієприкметник Минулого     Дієприкметник

                                   Час                                 Часу                         Теперішнього Часу

to sell                  sold                          sold                                       selling

to buy                 bought                      bought                                   buying

to invest              invested                    invested                                 investing

Часи групи Іndefinite (Active Voice)

	Present	Past	Future
Стверджувальна форма	I/we        invest savings in   You/they a business enterprise He/she  invests savings in a                 business enterprise Я вкладаю …...	I/he/she invested savings in a We/you business enterprise They    Я вклав …...	I/we shall invest savings in a                        business enterprise She/he    will invest savings You/they in a business               enterprise Я буду вкладати (вкладу)…
Питальна форма	Do I/we   invest savings in   You/they a business                        enterprise? Does he/she invest savings in a business enterprise?	I/he/she invest savings Did  we/you in a business              they    enterprise	Shall I/we invest savings in a               business enterprise Will  she/he invest savings         you/they in a business                          enterprise
Заперечна форма	I/we     do not invest savings You/they in a business               enterprise He/she does not invest savings          in a business enterprise	I/he/she did not invest savings We/you in a business enterprise They	I/we shall not invest savings       in a business enterprise He/she will not invest You/they savings in a               business enterprise

Часи групи Indefinite вживаються: 1) для констатації факту здійснення дії, або 2) для вираження звичайної дії, що відбувається в теперішньому, минулому і майбутньому часі. До цієї групи відносяться : Present, Past, Future Indefinite.

Обставини, характерні для цього часу: often, always, seldom, last month,some years ago, long ago, many weeks ago, next year, in some days,in the nearest future, ets.

EXERCISES (ВПРАВИ)

 Ex.1. Визначите час і стан  дієслова-присудка. Перекладіть речення на українську/російську мову.

I.

     1. The Merta Manufacturing Corporation employs approximately 3,000 people. 2. About 75% of the work force consists of semiskilled workers. 3. William Hinds the production manager of a medium-sized manufacturing company often remarked that fear is the only way to make people work. Periodically he meets with workers in the shop and criticizes the individual's performance. He even threatens the workers with loss of their jobs. 4. Henry Jarrett holds a similar position in another company. But unlike Hinds, Jarrett believes that you need reward people. He knows that money isn't enough and that people need some form of recognition. He placed a board at the workers' entrance with the names of all production workers on it. At the end of the year, the top gold star winner in each department will have a special recognition prize. 5. The problem of motivation will be always complex and important. It will face organizational goals as well. This problem is also a matter of management's approach. 6. Charles Dow worked toward creating an index comprised completely of industrial stocks.7. Ergonomics comes from the word “ergon” which means work. Now the field of ergonomics covers a rather broad area.8. Usually economic growth proceeds slowly. 9. A steady growth rate of 2 per cent each year will result in a significantly larger and healthier economy in only ten years. 10. Even the most prosperous economies only grow 2-3 per cent a year. Economists usually study economic growth over long periods of time.11. The consumption of some goods actually decreases as income increases and increases as income decreases.

II.

1.A non-profit organization also provides goods and services to the economic system, but does not have profit as an objective. 2. A limited partner invests money in the business but does not have any management responsibility or any liability for business losses. 3. First the corporation pays tax on income before it can distribute any to stockholders. 4. An insurance agent will explain all the risks associated with the small business and how to cover them most efficiently with insurance and other means. 5. Often a local university has business professor who will advise small business people for a small fee. 6. SBA (small business administration) also made direct loans to select small business and guaranteed loans for small business with special problems with the bank.

Ex.2. Перекладіть речення на українську/російську мову. Зверніть увагу на те, що сполучення used to вживається для вираження повторюваної дії в минулому і перекладається: звичайно, маючи звичку.

                                                                  I.

1.The company used to operate an express delivery service throughout the U.K. 2. One large exporter used to sell goods to over 50 companies around the world on an ex work basis. 3. Damage can occur in transmit and may happen, for example, when an exporter used to dispatching heavy machinery, sends his customers some delicate artifacts as Christmas presents. 4. While on business trip, he used to call me every day. 5. Financists used to measure the collective performance of specific groups of stocks. 6. Ukrainian Parliament passed the law to reduce the clerks in government units which used not to come true. 7. On the contrary the number of these clerks used to enlarge to    thousands of people. 8. The IBM board of directors used to hire only high-skilled programmers, system operators and other software specialists.

                                                                     II.

1.Employees need to feel that their manager is constant in what they are trying to achieve and that his decision making leads to mutual profit and progress.2. Whenever a country imports or exports goods and services, money returns to the exporting nation, and money flows out of the importing nation. 3. A government allows its citizens to produce and export those things they are best at and to import the rest. 4. Some trade barriers will always exist as long as any two countries have different sets of laws. 5. However, when a country decides to protect its economy by erecting artificial trade barriers, the result is often damaging to everyone, including those people whose barriers were meant to protect. 6. The total contract sum includes the equipment, engineering FOB, documentation. 7. The prices are constant for the duration of the contract. 8. The Seller sold and the Buyer bought the machinery, materials and services last week. 9. What organization will consider trade barriers between Ukraine and Russia? 10. The Great Depression of the 1930s spread around the world when the USA decided to erect trade barriers to protect local producers.11. As other countries retaliated, trade stopped, workers lost their jobs, and the world entered into a long period of economic decline.

 

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