Тема 14. The history of punishment
Упражнение 1.
1) reform
2) rehabilitate
3) deterrent
4) retribution
5) wrongdoer
6) misdeeds
7) crime doesn’t pay
8) corporal punishment
9) death penalty
10) barbaric
11) humane
12) law-abiding
Упражнение 3.
1) punishment
2) public
3) execution
4) guilty
5) ancient
6) condemned
7) adultery
8) pillory
9) offender
10) medieval
11) deliberately
12) Felons
13) victim
14) legal
15) Beheading
Упражнение 4.
1) The ancient punishment had to be painful in order to act as deterrent to others.
2) The punishment was made public because justice had to be seen to be done.
3) The symbolic meaning of the punishment inflicted on the
parent’s murderers was that animals which were put in sack with the offender and drowned represented the sins of the murderer.
4) The most common punishment petty offences was the pillory.
5) Punishments reflected social status in the possibility of the torture of the accused. Rich people were allowed to die without suffering, e.g. by means of suicide.
Упражнение6.
to breed evil – порождать зло
to deter criminals – сдерживать преступников
to do away with – покончить с кем-л.
to get away with murder – выйти сухим из воды, остаться безнаказанным
to go on committing offences – продолжать совершать преступления
to mow down – косить; наносить тяжёлые потери
to pull the trigger – спустить курок
to think twice – подумать дважды
a violent thug – жестокий убийца
to batter – избивать
a brutal sex-maniac – жестокий сексуальный маньяк
a cold-blooded poisoner – хладнокровный отравитель
a desperate villain – отчаянный злодей
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a hardened criminal – закоренелый преступник
a professional killer – профессиональный убийца
“a social misfit” – «социальный неудачник»
a violent robber – жестокий грабитель
a violent criminal – жестокий преступник
Упражнение7.
1) to breed evil
2) suspicious witnesses
3) futility
4) erroneous testimony
5) a cold-blooded poisoner
6) inevitability
7) to get away with murder
8) to deter
9) A brutal sex-maniac got away with murder.
10) Lethal injection is one of the types of capital punishment in the USA.
11) The Supreme Court questioned the constitutionality of the law.
12) Litigation costs are compensated by the taxpayers.
Упражнение8.
Over centuries capital punishment was inflicted for different types of crimes. In the Middle Ages a person could be executed for larceny, rape and even arson. Treason was and remains the capital crime in many countries. There is an opinion that even long-term or life imprisonment is a senseless punishment for the so-called ideological criminals: traitors, spies, and terrorists. Capital punishment for such criminals is the lesser of two evils.
Тема 15. The system of the jury
Упражнение 2.
1) trial
2) ordeal
3) oath
4) innocence
5) superstition
Упражнение 3.
1) A jury is a body of lay men and women randomly selected to determine facts and to provide a decision in a legal proceeding.
2) Before jury system emerged cases were resolved by ordeals.
3) There was a need for jury system because the Catholic Church decided that trial by ordeal was superstition, and priests were forbidden to take part.
4) The function of the first juries was to “say the truth” on the basis of its knowledge of local affairs.
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5) The function of the jury changed through the centuries – in the 14th century the role of the jury was to judge evidence. By the 15th century trial by jury became the dominant mode of resolving a legal issue. Centuries later the jury assumed its modern role of deciding facts on the sole basis of what is heard in court.
Упражнение 5.
1. evidence
2. the Questionnaire for Jurors
3. voter registration records
4. prejudice
5. trial
6. legal issues
7. jury pool
8. to keep an open mind on the question, case
9. to excuse from the jury service
10. to be eligible for jury service
11. to hear evidence
12. to exempt from the jury service
13. to restore civil rights
14. to deal with the case fairly and thoroughly
15. to meet the requirements
Упражнение 6.
1) The job of a juror is to listen to all the evidence presented at trial and to “decide the facts” – that is, to decide what really happened.
2) The job of a judge is to “decide the law” – that is, to make decisions on legal issues that come up during the trial.
3) A good juror should keep an open mind, concentrate on the evidence being presented, use common sense, and be fair and honest. Besides, a good juror should not be influenced by sympathy or prejudice.
4) A person should meet the following requirements to be eligible for jury service: a person must be over 18 years of age, a citizen of the United States, a resident of the county in which he or she is to serve as a juror, able to communicate in the English language and if he or she has been convicted of a felony, they must have had their civil rights restored.
5) The reasons for persons to be excused from jury service are illnesses that would interfere with their ability to do a good job, great hardship, or some other reason.
6) A jury pool is the group of people from which trial juries are chosen.
Упражнение 7.
The requirements for the jurors:
Persons excluded from the jurors list are:
– people who are not included in the voter registration records;
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– people who are under 25 to the time of making of the jurors list;
– people having uncleared or uncancelled conviction;
– people who were found legally insane.
Упражнение 8.
Persons exempted from the jurors list are:
– people who cannot communicate in the language of the legal proceeding in the given region;
– the dumb, deaf and blind, and other disabled people;
– military servants;
– judges, prosecutors, investigators, lawyers and notaries;
– clergymen.
Упражнение 9.
1. jury panel
2. challenge of a juror
3. a challenge for cause
4. a peremptory challenge
5. the jury for the case
6. an alternate juror
7. to take an oath
8. to make the impartial decision
9. to show a specific reason for challenge
10. to be directed to a courtroom
Упражнение 10.
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