Article 332 of the Criminal Procedural Code of the Russian Federation. Taking an Oath by the Jurors
After the senior juror is elected, the presiding justice shall address the jurors with a proposal that they take an oath and shall read out its text: “As I begin the discharge of the juror’s responsible duties, I hereby solemnly swear to discharge them honestly and without a bias, to take into account all the proof considered in court, both those exposing the defendant and acquitting him, and to resolve the criminal case in accordance with my inner conviction and conscience, not acquitting a guilty person and not condemning an guilty one, as befits a free citizen and a just man”.
Упражнение 11.
Pleadings
Before the case studied at the earlier stage of the trial will be analyzed during the jury deliberation, it is discussed at the pleadings where the prosecutor and the defence lawyer using their professional knowledge and skills restore the relations between the evidence and let the “judges from the society” make a free choice between the conviction and the acquittal of the accused.
The position of the prosecution and the defence are built not only on the basis of adversary system, but on the principle of the presumption of innocence: innocence of the accused is supposed and the guilt is proved by the prosecutor.
The judge has the right to interrupt the speech, objection or comment of the party if they contain:
· information which is not directly connected with the case;
· circumstances offensive for somebody’s honour and dignity;
· information which was not checked during the trial;
· references to the evidence excluded from the case;
· information about the previous conviction of the accused;
· other circumstances influencing on the impartiality of the jurors.
The judge in his or her summing-up explains to the jurors that they should do the following things while reaching a verdict:
· use the common sense;
· be guided by the principle of the presumption of innocence according to which the accused doesn’t have to prove his or her innocence: the burden of proof lies on the prosecutor;
· evaluate in total the evidence studied during the trial (the evidence of the accused, the victim, witnesses, expert’s report and etc.) coordinating everything;
· don’t take into consideration the evidence stricken off the record;
· don’t perceive arguments of the parties as the evidence.
Упражнение 13.
1) g
2) f
3) k
4) e
5) j
6) c
7) d
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8) a
9) b
10) h
11) i
Упражнение 14.
A verdict is the decision of the jury on the questions put before them including the main question about the guilt of the accused.
The jury brings in a verdict
– without the irrelevant influence having retired to the jury room,
– with the open vote and nobody has a right to abstain from making a decision,
– by means of unanimous decision or by the majority of votes,
– the answers are given on each question separately.
The jurors’ deliberations are directed by the foreman who consecutively proposes for the discussion the questions subject to resolution, conducts a vote and counts votes.
Тема 16. Criminology
Упражнение 1.
1) Subject
2) Objectives
3) History
4) Techniques
5) Application
Упражнение2.
1. criminology deals with the nature and causes of crime
2. case studies
3. criminology draws on the findings of other sciences
4. problems of apprehending offenders
5. problems of the prevention of crime
6. practical application
7. penal/correctional institutions
8. to determine the causes of crime
9. to evolve valid principles
10. to mitigate penalties
11. to question
Упражнение3.
1. aims, tasks
2. correctional institutions, prisons
3. was established, was created, appeared
4. are formed by
5. result in
Упражнение4.
1) b
2) d
3) e
4) f
5) c
6) a
Упражнение5.
1) The society can evolve valid principles for the social control of crime and coping with crime.
2) The following trends can be observed in the development of criminology: classical school of criminology, the positivist school and a later school, the “social defence” movement.
3) The methods and techniques applied in criminology are the collection and interpretation of statistics, the case study, the typological method, and sociological research.
4) Criminology can find useful application among lawyers, judges, and prison officials and give them a better understanding of criminals, which may lead to more effective treatment. Criminological research can also be used by legislators in the reform of laws and of penal institutions.
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Упражнение 6.
criminologist – криминолог
scientific way – научный способ
scientific study of criminals – научное изучение преступников
psychiatry – психиатрия
forensic medicine – судебная медицина
mental asylum – психиатрическая клиника
criminal type – преступный тип
left-handed person – левша
criminal instinct – преступный инстинкт
influential – влиятельный
hereditary causes of crime – наследственные причины преступности
humane – гуманный
treatment of convicts – обращение с осужденными
Упражнение 7.
1) inmates
2) criminal types
3) investigations
4) multiple
5) upbringing
6) case studies
7) rehabilitative
8) capital punishment
9) suspended
10) unthinkable
Упражнение 8.
1) Cesare Lombroso famous is for еру firsthand observation and measurement of prison inmates to determine the characteristics of criminal types.
2) He tried to relate criminal behaviour to a person’s appearance saying that criminals exhibit a higher percentage of physical and mental anomalies than do noncriminals.
3) Lombroso’s contribution to the development of penal system was that he encouraged more humane and constructive treatment of convicts and suggested alternatives to capital punishment.
Упражнение 9.
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