The system of courts in Russia
1. Federal Courts:
– The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation
– The Supreme Court of the Russian Federation
2. The courts of the subjects of the Russian Federation:
– the Constitutional (statute) courts of the subjects of the Russian Federation
– the Justices of the Peace
Упражнение 7.
1. e
2. g
3. i
4. a
5. b
6. c
7. d
8. f
9. h
Тема 11. Classifications of crimes.
Упражнение 1.
| Crime | Criminal | Criminal act |
| offence | offender | to offend |
| vandalism | vandal | to vandalize |
| abetting | abettor | to abet |
| aiding | aider | to aid and abet |
| spy | spy | to spy |
| assassination | assassin | to assassinate |
| hijacking | hijacker | to hijack |
| carjacking | carjacker | to carjack |
| larceny | larcener | to commit larceny |
| treason | traitor | to betray |
| gangsterism | gangster | to be a member of a criminal group |
| desertion | deserter | to desert |
| bigamy | bigamist | to commit bigamy |
| speeding | speeder | to speed |
| blasphemy | blasphemer | to commit blasphemy/to blaspheme |
| perjury | perjurer | to perjure |
| bribery/bribe-taking | bribetaker | to give a bribe; to take a bribe |
| extortion | extortionist | to extort |
| embezzlement | embezzler | to embezzle |
| tax evasion | tax evader | to evade taxes |
| counterfeiting | counterfeiter | to counterfeit |
| drug abuse | drug addict | to abuse drugs |
| trespass | trespasser | to tresspass |
| pilferage | pilferer | to pilfer |
| piracy | pirate | to commit piracy |
| money laundering | money launderer | to launder money |
| infringement of copyright | copyright infringer | to infringe a copyright |
| child abuse | a person who abuses a child | to abuse a child |
| joyriding | joyrider | to joyride |
| defamation | defamer | to defame |
| slander | slanderer | to slander |
| libel | libeller | to libel |
| conversion | a person who converts | to convert |
Упражнение 2.
2. Hijacking an airplane is a major offence. I think that someone who hijacks an airplane should be sent to prison.
3. Kidnapping is a major offence. I think that someone who kidnaps somebody should be sent to prison.
4. Littering is a minor offence. I think that someone who litters should do community service/ be given a warning/be fined a small amount of money.
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5. Writing graffiti on a public building is a minor offence. I think that someone who writes graffiti on a public building should do community service/ be given a warning/be fined a small amount of money.
6. Stealing a car is a major offence. I think that someone who steals a car should be sent to prison.
7. Pickpocketing is a minor offence. I think that someone who picks somebody’s pocket should be fined a small amount of money/ be given a suspended sentence.
8. Stealing sweets is a minor offence. I think that someone who steals sweets should be given a warning.
9. Making noise late at night is a minor offence. I think that someone who makes noise late at night should do community service/ be given a warning/be fined a small amount of money.
10. Being on a bus without a ticket is a minor offence. I think that someone who is on a bus without a ticket should do community service/ be given a warning/be fined a small amount of money.
11. Violent behaviour in a football stadium is a major offence. I think that someone who behaves violently in a football stadium should do community service/ be fined a large amount of money/be given a suspended sentence.
12. Toxic waste pollution is a major offence. I think that someone who pollutes environment with toxic wastes should be fined a large amount of money/ be sent to prison.
Упражнение 4.
1. The most fundamental characteristic of a crime is that it is a punishable offense against society.
2. A criminal conduct is when a person commits a crime.
3. The three elements of the crime are a duty to do or not to do a certain thing, a violation of the duty, and criminal intent.
4. The age of criminal liability in most states is fixed at 18, but the figure ranges from 16 to 19.
5. A criminal intent is when the defendant intended to commit the act and intended to do evil.
6. Crimes against a person are murder, assault and battery, kidnapping, rape.
7. Crimes against property are robbery, hijacking, embezzlement, receiving stolen property.
8. A felony is a crime of a serious nature. Murder, kidnapping, arson, rape, robbery, burglary, embezzlement, forgery, larceny (also called theft) of large sums, and perjury are examples of felonies.
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9. A misdemeanor is a crime of a less serious nature. Drunkenness in public, driving an automobile at an illegal speed, shoplifting, and larceny of small sums are misdemeanors.
10. The punishment for infractions is no more than a fine.
Упражнение 5.
1. a
2. b
3. c
4. j
5. p
6. f
7. n
8. m
9. i
10. e
11. d
12. l
13. h
14. k
15. o
16. g
Упражнение 6.
1. a
2. b
3. b
4. b
5. b
6. b
7. c
8. b
Упражнение 7.
1) Article 14. The Concept of Crime
1. A socially dangerous act, committed with guilt and prohibited by this Code under threat of punishment, shall be deemed to be a crime.
2. The commission of an act, or inaction, although formally containing the indicia of any act provided for by this Code, but which, by reason of its insignificance, does not represent a social danger shall not be deemed a crime.
2) Article 15. Categories of Crimes
1. Depending on the nature and degree of social danger, the deeds provided for by this Code shall be divided into crimes of small gravity, crimes of medium gravity, grave crimes, and especially grave crimes.
2. Intentional and careless acts, for the commission of which the maximum penalty stipulated by this Code does not exceed two years deprivation of liberty, shall be recognized as crimes of small gravity.
3. Qualified as the medium-gravity crimes shall be deliberate offences for the commission of which the maximum punishment stipulated by the present Code does not exceed five years of the deprivation of liberty, and careless crimes for the commission of which the maximum punishment stipulated by the present Code exceeds two years of the deprivation of liberty.
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4. Intentional acts, for the commission of which the maximum penalty stipulated by this Code does not exceed 10 years deprivation of liberty, shall be recognized as grave crimes.
5. Intentional acts, for the commission of which this Code provides a penalty in the form of deprivation of liberty for a term exceeding 10 years, or a more severe punishment, shall be recognized as especially grave crimes.
3) Intent is a form of criminal’s guilt when he or she is aware of the social dangerous character of his or her actions and foresees the inevitability of possible consequences.
4) Article 20. The Age of Criminal Responsibility
1. A person who, before the commission of a crime, has attained the age of 16 years shall be subject to criminal responsibility.
2. Persons who, before the commission of a crime, have attained the age of 14 years shall be subject to criminal liability for murder, intentional infliction of grave bodily injury, kidnapping, rape, theft, robbery, robbery with violence, extortion, seizure of a hostage and others.
Упражнение 8.
1. burglar
2. dealers
3. theft
4. hooligans
5. drink driving
6. speeding
7. bullies
8. fine
9. judge
10. shoplifting
11. violence
12. graffiti
13. gangs
14. robbers
15. mugged
Упражнение 9.
1. kidnapping
2. ransom
3. offence
4. reward
5. arrest
6. criminal
7. jury
8. trial
9. sentence
10. judge
Упражнение 10.
1. burglary
2. speeding
3. manslaughter
4. murder
5. mugging
6. theft
Упражнение 12.
Across
3. marriage
6. kidnapper
8. innocent
9. detective
11. steal
14. evidence
16. arrest
17. alibi
Down
1. prison
2. judge
4. victim
5. illegal
7. punishment
10. civil
12. execution
13. terrorism
15. inherit
Тема 12. Kinds of cases
Упражнение 1.
civil cases – гражданские дела
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to pay rent – платить аренду
party – сторона
plaintiff – истец
defendant – ответчик, подсудимый
lawsuit – судебный процесс, иск
complaint – жалоба
answer – письменные объяснения, возражения ответчика по делу
wrong – правонарушение; деликт; вред
counterclaim – встречный иск
burden of proof – бремя доказывания
preponderance of evidence – перевес доказательств
unanimous – единогласный
criminal cases – уголовные дела
to commit crimes – совершать преступление
the accused person – обвиняемый
the charge – обвинение
to plead not guilty – заявить о своей невиновности
innocence – невиновность
trial – судебный процесс
guilty – виновный
presumption of innocence – презумпция невиновности
Упражнение 2.
1. information
2. element of the crime
3. presumption of innocence
4. proof
5. plaintiff
6. trial, lawsuit, suit
7. private citizens
8. money damages for some wrong
9. unanimous verdict
10. preponderance of evidence
11. answer
12. defendant
13. counterclaim
14. burden of proof
15. responsibility for the injury
16. to sue
17. to prove
18. to plead not guilty
Упражнение 4.
1) c
2) f
3) d
4) b
5) a
6) e
Упражнение 5.
1) b
2) a
3) c
4) e
5) d
Упражнение 6.
1) apprehended
2) charged
3) dropped
4) tried
5) trial
6) jury
7) guilty
8) sentenced
9) appeal
10) executed
11) suspect
12) hunt
13) arrested
14) statements
15) custody
16) court
17) denied
18) confessed
19) plea
20) convicted
21) inquiry
22) execution
23) judges
24) inquiry
25) innocent
26) pardon
Упражнение 8.
1. under oath
2. address
3. approach the bench
4. off the record
Упражнение 9.
1. B
2. C
3. B
4. B
5. A
6. C
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