Тема 13. The foundation of the British law
Упражнение 1.
limited government – ограничение власти
representative government – представительное правление
all-powerful – всемогущий
sign – подписывать
threat of civil war – угроза гражданской войны
to exact from – требовать от кого-либо
nobility – дворянство
solemn grant of liberties – священное предоставление привилегий
todraft – составлять проект
toestablish the principle of limited government – установить принцип ограничения власти
power of the monarch – власть монарха
absolute – абсолютный
protection against unjust punishment – защита от несправедливого наказания
tostipulate – ставить условием, обусловливать
citizen – гражданин
fair trial – справедливый суд
taxes – налоги
cornerstone – краеугольный камень
Упражнение 2.
1. The two basic principles of the English system of government at the beginning of the 13th century were limited government and representative government. Limited government means that the power of the monarch, or government, was limited, not absolute. Representative government means that the ruling is fulfilled by the representatives of some bodies.
2. The granting of the Magna Carta was caused by the fact that kings of England issued charters, making promises to their barons. But these were granted by, not exacted from the king and were very generally phrased. As a result, the tension between the Kings and the nobility increased.
3. The Magna Carta contained provisions for the protection against unjust punishment and the loss of life, liberty, and property except according to law. It stipulated that no citizen could be punished or kept in prison without a fair trial. Under the Magna Carta, the king agreed that certain taxes could not be levied without popular consent.
4. Aristocracy enjoyed the rights granted by the Magna Carta.
Упражнение 3.
Magna Carta
Magna Carta is the Charter signed by the English King John in 1215. It is written in Latin and contains 63 articles. This document was signed as a result of the unrest among barons who were against the accretion of the power of the monarch, heavy taxes and the poor foreign policy of the King. The majority of articles was intended for and protected the interests of the aristocracy. However, the other estates were granted considerable rights.
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Magna Carta guaranteed the observance by the King of definite obligations as to barons, prohibited the King from levying taxes without the consent of the citizens. Magna Carta initiated the personal liberty. Nobody could be arrested, put in prison, deprived of property or statutory protection, expelled or suffer another punishment without fair trial application of the laws of the country.
In the history of England it was the first document restricting the power of the monarch and proclaiming the rights and liberties of the citizens. Magna Carta became the cornerstone of the British liberties. Some of its articles were further developed in the Habeas Corpus Act and the Bill of Rights.
Magna Carta played an important role in the British history. Even now it is included in the list of the current constitutional papers of Britain.
Упражнение 4.
1. m
2. o
3. r
4.q
5. a
6. h
7. t
8. g
9. p
10. s
11. u
12. f
13. b
14. c
15. d
16. l
17. e
18. n
19. j
20. i
21. k
Упражнение 6.
1. justice of the peace
2. a warrant
3. barbaric treatment
4. rebellion
5. invasion
6. public anger
7. notorious
8. to be sent to prison
9. to cause an outcry
10. to lead to the passing of the Act
11. to be reprimanded
12. to be brought to trial
13. to be acquitted
14. to be suspended
15. in the name of the people/ the sovereign
Упражнение 7.
Habeas Corpus Act
Habeas Corpus Act is the law adopted in 1679 by the British Parliament. According to this law the judges were obliged to demand the immediate bringing the arrested person to trial by the complaint of the person who considered his or her arrest illegal for checking the legality of the arrest or for trial. The accused could be imprisoned only with the warrant containing the reason of the arrest.
According to some data, Habeas Corpus Act is the notion of the British law existing from the earliest times before Magna Carta which guaranteed the personal liberty. A free person couldn’t be sent to prison without the writ of Habeas Corpus by means of which the judge ordered to produce the accused to court.
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Хабеас Корпус Акт – Habeas Corpus Act
согласно закону – according to the law
незаконный – illegal
заключение обвиняемого в тюрьму – the imprisonment of the accused
ордер – a warrant
Великая Хартия вольностей – Magna Carta
предписания Хабеас Корпус – a writ of Habeas Corpus
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