Are criminals born or shaped?
Criminality: inherited or acquired?
More than 100 years ago the Italian doctor Cesare Lombroso created the series of “criminal types” and immortalized his name. For example, he held that the sloping forehead, square chin, rugged features, long arms and muscular build pointed to the hereditary criminal instinct.
It took many years to deprive this theory of the born criminal of its influence. However, nowadays there are continuing disputes about the inheritance of criminal instincts and the biological basis of criminal behaviour.
The post-war economic growth caused the delusion among the western leaders that any social problem could be solved through the appropriate social policy and the increase of assessments to budget. At that time it seemed that giving a person more welfare we can soften and even change his or her nature. The time has changed and it became clear that neither the liberal reforms nor the communist diktat led to the flourishing of the society.
In 1979 the Centre for the Study of Twins and Adopted Children in the USA began observing over twins. All of them were separated soon after they were born and were brought up in the different parts of England and the USA. The scientists proceeded from the assumption that if the twins were identical all the differences appeared afterwards should be assigned to the different environment. However, the research showed that the there were hardly any differences between the children brought up separately and the twins who grew in one family.
Another research which was done in Denmark showed that the children of criminals even if they were brought up in the respectable families were more inclined to conflict with law than their own offsprings. Moreover, there are good grounds to think that if one of the separated identical twins has a criminal record the other will choose the wrong path sooner or later.
Some scientists go even further saying that the initial cause of many crimes especially serious crimes such as murder, robbery, rape and arson is not social but biological.
The most serious hit on “the theory of environment” was made by the relatively young science of sociobiology. The researches conducted on animals showed that the aggressive apes had the lower level of one of the hormones – serotonin – than the passive apes. It quite possible applies to humans: the people committed intentional violent offences also have the lack of this hormone.
So, who is to blame: environment or genetics?
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Тесты для самоконтроля
Семестр I
Темы 1-8)
Выберите подходящее слово для следующих определений:
1. A court case that involves debates arising from such matters as accidents, contractual obligations and divorce.
| a. Criminal case; | b. Civil case. |
2. Formal discussion at a public meeting or in Parliament.
| a. Debate; | b. Verdict. |
3. A person who defends or supports an offender
| a. Judge; | b. Lawyer. |
Выберите правильное слово:
4. The woman was ________ 10 years in prison for murder.
| a. Sentenced to; | b. Charged with. |
5. The _______ told the accused person that he was finally acquitted.
| a. Trial; | b. Judge. |
Составьте словосочетания из следующих слов:
| 6. Shadow; | a. Party; |
| 7. Criminal; | b. Enforcement; |
| 8. Binding; | c. Code |
| 9. Law; | d. Cabinet |
| 10. Injured; | e. Agreement. |
Переведите подчеркнутые слова:
11. The jurors should not be influenced by something, these people should be impartial toward all the evidence
| a. Беспристрастный; | b. Внимательный. |
12. Government spends for defence purpose 4,6 per cent of the federal budget.
| a. Национальный долг; | b. Оборонные цели. |
Выберите правильную грамматическую форму или слово:
13. A general election … every four years.
| a. Takes place; | b. Is taken place; | c. Is taking place. |
14.The murderer … by the police yet.
| a. Has been caught | b. Were caught | c. Hasn’t been caught. |
15.While the man … at the dancing girl, the thief stole his wallet.
| a. Looked; | b. Was looking; | c. Has looked. |
16. Sheriff says that the criminals … by the end of this week.
| a. Will arrest; | b. Will be arrested; | c. Will have been arrested. |
17. What made you … Harry was pretending to be ill.
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| a. To thing; | b. Think; | c. Thought. |
18. When the police arrived, all the eye-witnesses … in the hall by the bank.
| a. Gathered; | b. Have gathered; | c. Had been gathered. |
19. Let’s … the barrister to come back.
| a. Wait for | b. Expect | c. Look forward to. |
20. The solicitor … petty crimes and some matrimonial matters in Magistrates courts.
| a. Are dealt with; | b. Deals with; | c. Is dealt with. |
Семестр II
Темы 9-16)
Выберите подходящее слово:
1. Helen was arrested/ convicted by the police and charged with burglary.
2. The jury/ the witnesses were quickly convinced that he was guilty of drug-trafficking.
3. While trials/ courts are the final authority on the interpretation of constitutions, they are not the final authority on the content and meaning of such legislation.
4. Constitutions/ courts are the supreme sources of law.
5. It was easy for the robber to break up/ to break inbecause the door was left unlocked.
Заполните пропуски, используя следующие слова:
Friendly; neighbours; owners; money; burgled.
Once your house has been 6) it will most likely happen again, unless you make sure your house is not burglar 7) . Burglars think that the bigger the house, the richer the 8) are. Anything which signals nice possessions and 9) will catch the burglar’s eye. You may complain about nosy 10) but it’s good to know someone is watching your house while you’re away.
Вставьте правильный предлог:
For; to; in; with; of
11. If the police find the person responsible _______ the crime, they arrest him.
12. At the police station, theyquestion them and if they are sure the person committed the crime, the person ischarged _______ the crime.
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13. ____court, the defendant must try to prove that he did not commit the crime.
14. Thejury listens ______ all the evidenceand then makes their decision.
15. If the defendant isconvicted ___ the crime, the judge will give the sentence.
Выберите правильный вариант:
16. That man is one of the world’s most wanted._______ .
a) criminals; b) offenders; c)suspects
17. The ________was set free because they couldn’t prove that he was guilty.
a) guilty; b) offender; c)suspect
18. After years of investigation, they finally ________ the truth.
a) searched; b) revealed; c) noticed.
19. The accused was kept in _______ until the trial began.
a) custody; b) court; c) cell.
20. If you don’t want someone to _______ your house, you shouldn’t keep the doors and windows unlocked.
a) burgle; b) steal; c) rob
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