Read the extract and fill in prepositions or conjunctions wherever necessary. Translate the text. Give the text the appropriate heading.
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The beginning …… the United States of America is an example ……. a political change …… means of human rights. Settlers established the United States of America …… order to freely practice their religion and seek fortune. …… the time, America was only a colony of England, thus forced to abide …… British laws. The colonists then decided to secede …… England because they did not agree …… the actions …… the English government. One ….. these reasons was that their rights were violated. They did not believe …… housing the British soldiers free nor did the colonists agree …… the inability to bear arms. The British had taken …… the major cities ….. the overseas colony and enforced harsh rulings and taxes …… the colonists. ……. the end, the discontented settlers joined forces to drive the British ……. ……. America. That their rights were being hindered was their only excuse.
The new America then set to the task of creating a Constitution. A Bill …… Rights was included …… this Constitution. This was done ….. order to refrain ……. any impediment ……. their natural human rights. The first, the third, and the forth amendments are directly correlated ……. basic human rights. With these three amendments, it is clear that the Bill …….of Rights protects the natural basic rights ……. the human being. These are the rights …… liberty, property, and individualism.
A) Read the text and fill in the gaps with the suitable items (A-L) given below.
If we are going to have any success in combining the ideas of human rights and ____(1)____, we need to start translating human rights ____(2)____ into ‘business-speak’.
The survey revealed that many in the ____(3)____ are not at all comfortable with the language of human rights. At best, they find it ____(4)____. Businessmen seem to be too much carried away with ‘mitigating ____(5)____’ and ‘creating ____(6)____’. The idea of human rights can’t be reduced to these cold business concepts.
So, the ____(7)____ is to try to get into the minds of those people who have to run a business, and find ways to match the language and priorities of human rights with theirs. It is necessary to maintain the integrity of ____(8)____, while promoting them in a way that makes sense to people trying to run a business. We have to help them identify the potential risks a company might be ____(9)____ if it fails to take appropriate steps to prevent and ____(10)____ human rights issues. And we have to help them identify the long-term benefits and opportunities that can be created. In the current ____(11)____, addressing these factors will be critical.
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One way to start this translation process is to provide examples of the human rights ____(12)____ a particular company or industry, and to illustrate how these rights can be impacted by their business activities.
A) human rights principles
B) business opportunities
C) exposed to
D) principles
E) unfamiliar ground
F) address
G) economic climate
H) corporate social responsibility
I) challenge
J) issues relevant to
K) corporate sector
L) business risks
B) Fill in the following grid.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
Match the term given in the left-hand column with its definition in the right-hand column.
| 1 | convention | A | a notion that all human beings are entitled to the same human rights without distinction |
| 2 | domestic violence | B | any of the following acts committed with the intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial or religious group |
| 3 | inalienability | C | documents explaining how a particular treaty should be interpreted and applied. |
| 4 | non-binding | D | allegation by an individual or state that it is entitled to a remedy for an injury caused by an offender (usually the state). |
| 5 | equality | E | the authority of courts or court-like bodies to hear and decide claims |
| 6 | ratification | F | actions designed to draw a community's attention to an issue and to direct policy makers to a solution. |
| 7 | United Nations Charter | G | violence among members of a family or household |
| 8 | customary international law | H | binding agreement between states; used synonymously with treaty and covenant |
| 9 | recommendation | I | reporting, complaint or other procedures at the national, regional or international level that place obligations on states to make human rights real. |
| 10 | indivisibility | J | carrying no formal legal obligations, but which may still carry moral obligations |
| 11 | peoples’ rights | K | concept that human rights are universal and that they cannot be taken away under any circumstances |
| 12 | jurisdiction | L | a person who has fled from the country of origin to escape persecution or fear of persecution based on race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion. |
| 13 | human development index | M | process by which a legislature confirms a government's action in signing a treaty |
| 14 | declaration | N | the principal policy and rule-making institution of the European Union |
| 15 | genocide | O | used synonymously with solidarity rights and collective rights; refers to the rights of groups, not just individuals |
| 16 | European Council | P | notion that there is no hierarchy of rights; civil and political rights are equally as important as social, economic and cultural rights |
| 17 | refugee | Q | a document of the United Nations setting forth its goals, functions and responsibilities; adopted in San Francisco in 1945 |
| 18 | claim | R | measures development of States according to a variety of factors including health, literacy and standard of living indicators. |
| 19 | advocacy | S | document represents agreed upon standards, but which is not legally binding |
| 20 | enforcement mechanisms | T | law that becomes binding on states although it is not written, but rather adhered to consistently out of custom |
Use the plan and helpful phrases given in Appendix 1 to make a presentation on the issue of human rights all over the world . Surf the Internet, find extra information and base your presentation on it.
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