Exercise 3 . Do it in Russian.
1. Multiple deprivations prevent individuals or groups from participating fully in the economic, social, and political life of the society in which they live.
2. We find out things about ourselves by knowing what categories we belong to.
3. This article tended to locate gender and national security themes in popular culture (film, mass-circulation magazines) and in the growing social scientific "expert" literature translated for public consumption.
4. The Government has worked hard to improve competitiveness by reforming the nation's social and fiscal systems but these efforts have run into difficulties.
5. However, despite the growing demand the economy remains fundamentally strong and internationally competitive.
6. So all these aspects have to be taken into account and agreed with your manager or the organization or the team, whichever is the policy and procedure.
7. Study commitments permitting, a British student may find many temporary jobs in retail, catering and the Post Office.
8. Most of these part-time jobs provide useful experience are helpful in presenting future employers with evidence of skills such as teamwork, working under pressure, dealing with people and balancing the demands of work and study.
9. One of the best ways to prepare for a research paper is by taking thorough notes from all of your sources so that you have much of the information organized before you begin writing.
10. Many countries offer foreign study funding for their own nationals who are admitted to an approved program or institution abroad.
| UNIT 3 | Human Rights |
AGENDA
| 3.1 | Lead-in | Section Overview |
| 3.2 | Language Input | Developing vocabulary |
| 3.3 | Background information | Human Rights |
| 3.4 | Comprehension | Understanding the reading Scanning |
| 3.5 | Practice Skills Focus | Word-building Fill-in exercises Writing reports Presenting the information |
| 3.6 | Dialogue 1 | Economic, Social and Cultural Rights as Human Rights |
| Dialogue 2 | Humanitarian Intervention | |
| Supporting materials | Rights Protection Methods | |
| 3.7 | Cross-Cultural Associations | T he Significance of the Human Rights |
| 3.8 | Case Study & Role Play | Women’s rights |
| 3.9 | Grammar back-up | Practice with Conditionals |
LEAD-IN
Section Overview
Human rights evoke concern with of individuals and the well-being of communities. Relevant to our understanding of history, the present, the intergenerational justice, human rights have been on institutional, legislative, and constitutional agendas and have been embraced by diverse social movements in countries all over the world. Human rights concepts have been relied upon in efforts to promote peace, cooperation , and intercultural dialogue.
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- Do you feel you have all the human rights you need?
- How can the world make sure human rights are protected?
- How would the world be different if all human rights were respected?
- Do you always respect other people’s rights?
LANGUAGE INPUT
abstain v – воздержаться
accountable adj – подотчетный, ответственный
adjudicator n – член жюри, арбитр, судья
administrate v – вести, управлять, применять
administration n – ведение дел, управление, применение
advance v – предоставлять, защищать (юр.)
aggrieve v – угнетать, обижать, наносить ущерб
antecedent n – предшественник
approach n – подход, метод, способ, принцип
articulate v – формулировать, произносить
assert v – утверждать, заявлять, отстаивать
assert a claim w . comb. – предъявлять требование
assertion n – утверждение, притязание
bind v – связать, связывать, обязывать
binding adj – обязательный
legally binding adj – юридически обязывающий
bolster v – поддерживать, содействовать
commit v – посвятить себя, считать своим долгом, вверять, поручать
commitment n – обязательство, готовность, заинтересованность
convention n – конвенция, международный договор
covenant n – соглашение, договорное обязательство, статья договора
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charge v– вменять, возлагать обязанности, обвинять
be charged with a crime – быть обвиненным в преступлении
comply v – выполнять, подчиняться (правилам)
comply with standards – соответствовать стандартам
creed n – вероисповедание
deny v – отрицать, отвергать, отказывать
dignity n – достоинство, высокое звание
draft v – составить план, законопроект
duty - bearer n – уполномоченный субъект, орган, носитель обязанности
eloquently adv – выразительно, убедительно, красноречиво
enshrine v – хранить, фиксировать, закреплять
entitle v давать право
be entitled to smth иметь право
entitlement n – право на, предоставление права,
ethnicity n – этническая или расовая принадлежность, национальность
extermination n – уничтожение, истребление
hatred n - ненависть
inalienable adj – неотъемлемый
indivisible adj – неделимый, единый
indigenous adj – коренной, туземный, малочисленный (о народе)
inherent adj – свойственный, присущий, неотъемлемый
be inherent to smth – быть присущим
institute v – установить, ввести, учредить
interdependent adj – взаимозависимый, взаимообусловленный
legalistic adj – правовой, юридический
legitimize v – узаконить, получить законное право
morality n – мораль, этика, нравственность
non - discriminatory adj – справедливый, не устанавливающий дискриминации
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pledge v – заверять, ручаться, отдавать в залог
plurality n – множественность, большинство
precursor n – предтеча, предвестник, предшественник
priority n – приоритет, первенство
procedure n – процедура, порядок действий, производство дел
proceedings n – заседание, судопроизводство, процесс
ratify v – ратифицировать, подписывать
ratification n – ратификация, подписание (договора)
renounce v – отвергать, отрекаться, отклонять
safeguard n – гарантия, охрана, защита
sustainable adj –устойчивый, продолжительный
treatment n – обращение, обхождение, трактовка
treaty n – соглашение, договор, пакт, конвенция (между государствами)
unanimous adj – единогласный
universality n – всеобщность, универсальность, всемирный характер
vicious adj – порочный, злобный неправедный
vicious circle w . comb . – порочный круг
violate n – нарушать
violation n – нарушение
violence n – сила, насилие
virtue n – добродетель, достоинство, действие, эффективность
by virtue of prep - посредством
vis -à- vis prep – в отношении, по отношению к, лицом к лицу
DEVELOPING VOCABULARY
Consult a dictionary and practice the pronunciation of the following words and word combinations, quote the sentences in which they are used in the text or submit the examples of your own.
adjudicator _________________________________________________
antecedent___________________________________________________
approach____________________________________________________
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assert_______________________________________________________
authorities___________________________________________________
by virtue____________________________________________________
covenant_____________________________________________________
entitled______________________________________________________
ethnicity_____________________________________________________
inalienable___________________________________________________
indigenous___________________________________________________
indivisible___________________________________________________
legalistic_____________________________________________________
legally binding________________________________________________
legitimize____________________________________________________
precursor__________________________________________________
priorities_____________________________________________________
procedures___________________________________________________
proceedings__________________________________________________
trauma______________________________________________________
vicious circle _______________________________________________
vis-à-vis __________________________________________________
unanimous___________________________________________________
universality__________________________________________________
3.2.2 Match the English word combinations in the left-hand column with the Russian equivalents in the right-hand column:
| 1 | victims of human rights violations | A | быть юридически обязывающим |
| 2 | recognition of the inherent dignity | B | иметь предшественников в истории |
| 3 | to accountable for the observance of human rights | C | отстаивать право на самоопределение |
| 4 | to have implications for law, justice and morality | D | подписание международных соглашений по правам человека |
| 5 | to possess rights by virtue of being human | E | иметь значение для законности, справедливости и морали |
| 6 | to facilitate advancement | F | быть неотъемлемым правом всех людей |
| 7 | to assert the right to self-determination | G | устанавливать, формулировать обязательства |
| 8 | freedom of thought and expression | H | совершать военные преступления, против мира и человечества |
| 9 | to institute policies | I | разорвать порочный круг |
| 10 | to institute proceedings for appropriate redress | J | отказанный в использовании из-за расовой принадлежности, национальности, вероисповедания или пола |
| 11 | to lay down obligations | K | жертвы нарушений прав человека |
| 12 | to have important historical antecedents | L | успешное выполнение трех глобальных приоритетных задач |
| 13 | to pledge to promote respect for the human rights | M | признание достоинства, присущего человеческой личности |
| 14 | sustainable achievement of the three global priorities | N | повысить гарантии уважения достоинства человека |
| 15 | to be legally binding | O | соответствовать стандартам |
| 16 | to comply with standards | P | ответственный за соблюдение прав человека |
| 17 | to be denied on the basis of race, creed, ethnicity or gender | Q | обладать правами в силу того, что рожден человеком |
| 18 | to be equally entitled to smth | R | способствовать продвижению |
| 19 | administration of force | S | применять силу |
| 20 | to commit war crimes, crimes against peace and crimes against humanity | T | взять на себя обязательство способствовать уважению прав человека |
| 21 | to increase safeguards for the dignity of the person | U | начать процесс для возмещения вреда |
| 22 | to be inherent to all human beings | V | иметь равные права на что-либо |
| 23 | to break the vicious circle | W | установить политику |
| 24 | ratification of international human rights agreements | X | свобода мысли и самовыражения |
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
Human Rights
Human Rights
Human rights are the basic rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled: the right to life, liberty, freedom of thought and expression, and equal treatment before the law, among others. These rights represent entitlements of the individual or group vis-à-vis the government, as well as responsibilities of the individual and the government authorities. Such rights are ascribed as ‘natural’, which means that they are not earned and cannot be denied on the basis of race, creed, ethnicity or gender. These rights are often advanced as legal rights and protected by the rule of law. However, they are distinct from and prior to law, and can be used as ‘universal, non-discriminatory standards’ for formulating or criticizing both local and international law. It is typically thought that the conduct of governments and military forces must comply with these standards.
Various ‘basic’ rights that cannot be violated under any circumstances are set forth in international human rights documents such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. The rights established by these documents include economic, social, cultural, political and civil rights. These documents are sometimes referred to as the international bill of rights.
International human rights treaties can be classified into declarations and conventions. The first are adopted by The United Nations General Assembly and are not legally binding. The latter are legally binding instruments concluded under international law. Most conventions establish mechanisms to oversee their implementation.
While human rights are not always interpreted similarly across societies, these norms nonetheless form a common human rights vocabulary in which the claims of various cultures can be articulated. The widespread ratification of international human rights agreements such as those listed above is taken as evidence that these are widely shared values. Having human rights norms in place imposes certain requirements on governments and legitimizes the complaints of individuals in those cases where fundamental rights and freedoms are not respected. Such norms constitute a standard for the conduct of government and the administration of force.
Many conflicts are sparkled by a failure to protect human rights, and the trauma that results from severe human rights violations often leads to new human rights violations. As conflict intensifies, hatred accumulates and makes restoration of peace more difficult. In order to break the vicious circle, states must institute policies aimed at human rights protection. Many believe that the protection of human rights is essential to the sustainable achievement of the three global priorities of peace, development and democracy. Respect for human rights has become an integral part of international law and foreign policy. The specific goal of expanding such rights is to increase safeguards for the dignity of the person.
Contemporary international human rights law and the establishment of the United Nations (UN) have important historical antecedents. Documents asserting individual rights, such as Magna Carta (1215), the English Bill of Rights (1689), the French Declaration of Rights (1791) are the written precursors to many of today’s human rights documents. Yet many of these documents, when originally translated into policy, excluded women, people of color and members of certain social, religious, economic and political groups. Nevertheless, oppressed people throughout the world have drawn on the principles these documents express to support revolutions that assert the right to self-determination.
The idea of human rights emerged stronger after the World War II. The extermination by Nazi Germany of over six million Jews, Sinti and Romani (gypsies) and persons with disabilities horrified the world. Trials were held in Nuremberg and Tokyo after World War II, and officials from the defeated countries were punished for committing war crimes, crimes against peace and crimes against humanity.
Governments then committed themselves to establishing the United Nations, with the primary goal of bolstering international peace and preventing conflict. People wanted to ensure that never again would anyone be unjustly denied life, freedom, food, shelter, and nationality.
UN member states pledged to promote respect for the human rights of all. To advance this goal, the UN established a Commission on Human Rights and charged it with the task of drafting a document spelling out the meaning of the fundamental rights and freedoms proclaimed in the United Nations Charter in 1945. On December 10, 1948, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) was adopted by the 56 members of the United Nations. The vote was unanimous, although eight nations chose to abstain. The UDHR claims that all rights are interdependent and indivisible. Its Preamble eloquently asserts that recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice, and peace in the world.
Universality of human rights means that human being possess them by virtue of being human. Human rights are rights inherent to all human beings, whatever our nationality, place of residence, sex, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, language, or any other status. We are all equally entitled to our human rights without discrimination. This is an important notion in the context of development and the right to development. It links all members of the human race in a chain of rights and responsibilities that have implications for law, justice and morality.
The term ‘human rights’ refers to a plurality of different rights – economic, civil, social, political, and cultural. When we describe human rights as indivisible we mean that all of these various parts form one integral whole which may not be divided into various components for the purpose of picking and choosing some rights at the expense of others. Human rights are interdependent because all rights are equal in importance and none can be fully enjoyed without the others. Inalienable is a legalistic word which simply means ‘that which may not be given away’. Inalienable human rights may not be sold or renounced.
Human rights are interrelated because each one contributes to the realization of a person’s human dignity through the satisfaction of his or her development, physical, psychological and spiritual needs. The fulfillment of one right depends, wholly or in part, upon the fulfillment of others.
All people have the right to participate in and access information relating to the decision-making processes that affect their lives and well-being. Rights-based approaches require a high degree of participation by communities, civil society, minorities, women, young people, indigenous peoples and other identified groups.
States and other duty-bearers are answerable for the observance of human right. In this regard, they have to comply with the legal norms and standards enshrined in international human rights instruments. Where they fail to do so, aggrieved rights-holders are entitled to institute proceedings for appropriate redress before a competent court or other adjudicator in accordance with the rules and procedures provided by law. Individuals, the media, civil society and the international community play important roles in holding government accountable for their obligation to uphold human rights.
COMPREHENSION
Understanding the reading
3.4.1 Give extensive answers to the questions. Use the following expressions to present your answers:
· It ran through my mind that…
· To begin with …
· I presume …
· Speaking about …
1. How can you define the concept of ‘human rights’?
2. Why do you think human rights are referred to as natural rights?
3. Why do you think human rights are distinct from and prior to law?
4. Which international documents set forth the basic human rights?
5. Which of the international human rights documents are not legally obligatory?
6. How can human rights be used by different cultures to articulate their claims?
7. Why do you think human rights document should be ratified by governments?
8. How can human rights violations cause new violations? Could you give your examples of conflicts which were instigated by human rights violations?
9. What is meant by the vicious circle in relation to human rights violations?
10. What are the three global priorities? How can be their achievement ensured?
11. What are the most important historical antecedents of human rights law?
12. What is the primary goal of the United Nations?
13. What document was the Commission on Human Rights charged to draft?
14. What are the main characteristics of the human rights proclaimed in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights?
15. Why are the human rights described as interdependent and indivisible?
16. What is meant by the universality if human rights?
17. What is the cause-and-effect relationship between the equality and inalienability of rights and freedom, justice, and peace in the world?
18. What are the aggrieved rights-holders entitled to?
Scanning
3.4.2. Scan the text to determine whether these statements are true (T) or false (F), and if they are false say why.
1. The United Nations is increasingly combining efforts to prevent or end conflicts with measures aimed at reducing human rights abuses.
2. Human Rights is a law-binding declaration adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948.
3. The UDHR urges member nations to promote a number of human, civil, economic and social rights, asserting these rights are of the foundation of freedom, justice and peace of the world.
4. The Universal Declaration was branched into two distinct and different covenants, a Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and a Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.
5. “Human Rights” is a fairly new concept that has been getting a great deal of attention in the early years of the twenty0first century.
6. The earliest direct precursor to human rights might be found in the notions of “natural right” developed by classical philosophers.
7. Natural rights are those which pertain to man in right of being a member of society.
8. Human rights are a universal standard that can be used to judge any society.
9. Civil rights are those which pertain to man in right of his existence.
10. Human rights are said to be those benefits to which we are entitled simply by being human.
11. The rights to equality, freedom, good governance, justice, and due process law depend on one’s conduct and can be lost.
12. The right to hold a public office is an inalienable right.
13. Nature endows every human with certain inalienable rights such as the right to life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness.
14. A person before a law is someone who is recognized to be subject to the protection offered by the legal system and the responsibilities required by it.
3.4.3 Develop the following ideas. Make use of the active vocabulary and helpful phrases given in brackets:
1.Human rights are the basic rights and freedoms.
(to be entitled to human rights; the right to life, liberty, freedom of thought and expression, and equal treatment before the law; to be distinct from; to be prior to; be used as universal, non-discriminatory standards; to formulate international law; conduct of government; to comply with standards.)
2. Various ‘basic’ rights cannot be violated under any circumstances.
(to be set forth in international human rights documents; the Universal Declaration of Human Rights; the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights; the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights; to be established by; to include economic, social, cultural, political and civil rights; to be referred to as; the international bill of rights; international human rights treaties; to be classified ; declarations and conventions; to be adopted by The United Nations General Assembly; to be legally binding; to be concluded under; to establish mechanisms.)
3. Human rights are not always interpreted similarly across societies.
(to form a common human rights vocabulary; to be articulated; widespread ratification; to be taken as evidence; widely shared values; to impose certain requirements on governments; to legitimize the complaints of individuals; to respect fundamental rights and freedoms; to constitute a standard; administration of force.)
4. Many conflicts are sparkled by a failure to protect human rights.
(severe human rights violations; to lead to; to intensify; to accumulate; to restore peace; to break the vicious circle;to institute a policy; to be essential to the sustainableachievement of; global priorities; respect for human rights; an integral part of; to increase safeguards; dignity of a person.)
5. Contemporary international human rights law has important historical antecedents.
(to assert individual rights; Magna Carta; the English Bill of Rights; the French Declaration of Rights; to be written precursors to smth; to be translated into policy; to exclude; oppressed people; to draw on the principles; to assert the right to self-determination.)
6. The idea of human rights emerged stronger after the World War II.
(extermination; people with disabilities; Jews and gypsies; to horrify the world; to hold trials; defeated countries; to be punished; to commit war crimes; crimes against peace; crimes against humanity; to commit oneself to smth; to bolster international peace; to prevent conflicts; be unjustly denied life, freedom, food, shelter, and nationality; to pledge;to promote; respect for the human rights; to advance a goal; to charge smbd with a task; to draft a document; to spell out the meaning; to be proclaimed; the United Nations Charter; the Universal Declaration of Human Rights; inherent dignity.)
7. Human rights are inalienable, interdependent and indivisible.
(equal and inalienablerights; universality of human rights; to possess smth by virtue ofbeing human; in the context of; a chain of rights and responsibilities; to have implications for law; justice and morality; to refer to a plurality; to form one integral whole; for the purpose of; at the expense of; to be equal in importance; to be a legalistic word; to be given away; to be sold or renounced; to contribute to the realization; satisfaction of needs; fulfillment of rights; wholly or in part.)
8. States and other duty-bearers are answerable for the observance of human right.
(duty-bearers; to be answerable for; in this regard; to comply with the legal norms and standards; to be enshrined; international human rights instruments; to fail to do; aggrieved rights-holders; to institute proceedings; appropriate redress; a competent court; adjudicator; in accordance with; procedures provided by law; international community; to hold government accountablefor; to uphold human rights.)
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