What forms of participles do we use in the negative meaning?
· If participle I is used in the function of adverbial modifier of cause,
we’ll have the following negative form of the participle:
| Not having opened a deposit account a customer can’t earn any interest. (= as he didn’t open a deposit account ) | Не открыв депозитный счет, клиент не может получать проценты. |
· In the function of adverbial modifier of manner we should use Gerund in the negative meaning.
| He left the room without saying a word to anybody. | Он вышел из комнаты, не сказав никому ни слова. |
Exercise 3. Choose “not” or “without” in the given sentences. Define the function of the participles in the sentences.
Model: Without / not having a signature on the payment order we couldn’t execute payment.
1. Not / without knowing all the details, he couldn’t consult her.
2. Not / without making an exceptionally high profit you won’t be criticised.
3. Not/ without being guilty he didn’t feel his fault.
4. Not / without having been instructed by the officials, they insisted on the reduction of the budget.
5. You won’t manage to strike a balance not / without participating in the Central Bank’s money policy committee.
6. Depository institutions can’t work not / without offering their customers the wide range of financial services.
7. The annual report of the Trusteeship Council states how trust territories were administered in the best interests of their inhabitants and of international peace and security not / without interference.
8. Not / without having an equal vote in shaping a common course it’s impossible to participate in the General Assembly.
9. Not / without preparing the reports and studies they can’t issue numerous press releases.
10. It’s natural that the decrease in rates of children mortality is impossible not / without improving health care.
When do we use the perfect participle passive?
having been + past part
It is used when it is necessary to emphasise that the action expressed by the participle happened before the action expressed by the next verb:
| Having been warned about an important visitor the manager didn`t leave the office for the whole day. | Так как управляющего предупредили относительно важного посетителя, он весь день не покидал офис. |
Exercise 4.
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A. Change the Infinitive in brackets for Participle I or Participle II (passive). Translate the sentences into Russian.
Model: That was the best advice (to give)by him.
That was the best advice given by him.
He was very kind (to give) advice to me.
He was very kind giving advice to me.
1. A group of people (to elect) to do something are called voters.
2. I helped him in handling problems (to create) by other departments.
3. Late at night he received an e-mail (to ask) him to attend the council meating at once.
4. I saw at once he had a heart attack (to come on).
5. I could hear voices of the kids (to wait for) the bell to ring.
6. They required to make a decision (to confirm) in the Assembly.
7. The (to remain) two hundred and fifty participants were put up in other hotels.
8. Johnny saw the crowd break the line of policemen (to bar) their way.
9. It was the final decision (to adopt) by the Security Council.
10. The UN is known as an organization of sovereign nations (to represent) almost all of humanity.
B. Change the Infinitive in brackets for Perfect Participle (active or passive). Translate the sentences into Russian.
Model 1: (To receive) the money he left for London.
Having received the money, he left for London.
1. (To receive) an enquiry from the Belgium government they decided to wait until the order was definite.
2. (To quote) in local currency they wished to be protected if the local currency devalued in relation to sterling.
3. (To book) their representative into a hotel, the firm also put a car at his disposal.
4. (To decrease) quotas Russia became more attractive for cooperation with industrialised countries.
5. (To take) into account the current unstable situation they refused to export.
6. (To drop out) of school he couldn’t find a good job.
7. (To shape) a common course of action they started to develop policy in detail.
8. (To solve) all the problems we can come down to our business directly.
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9. (To refrain) from using force against Libya they supposed to give one more chance to solve the conflict.
10. (To be founded) in Geneva this organisation became famous all over the world nowadays.
Model 2: (To pay) the money for the goods the seller left for London.
Having been paid the money for the goods, the seller left Rome.
1. (To provide) with information about the financial situation in the company, suppliers can judge whether they are a good credit risk.
2. (To deliver) the order, the manager requested his assistant to check prices.
3. (To establish) in 1945 the United Nations aimed to preserve the wartime alliance of the USA, USSR, and Britain.
4. (To tear) flag hung on the wires, flapping gently in the breeze.
5. (To elect) the members of House of Representatives started working soon.
6. (To develop) well a new programme was adopted successfully.
7. (To base) in New York these organs continue their work at the United Nations Headquarters.
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