Добавления и опущения слов в процессе перевода
При переводе с английского языка нередки случаи, когда по различным причинам необходимо включать слова, которых нет в оригинале. Это связано с тем, что английскому языку свойственно стремление к компрессии, своего рода «экономии» слов. Для правильного перевода часто приходится прибегать к дополнению, уточняющему смысл (banking – банковское дело, банковские операции; commodities – сырьевые товары; small business – малый и средний бизнес).
Подобно приему добавления слов, в процессе перевода по лексическим причинам может возникнуть необходимость опущения некоторых слов (…there are many things to do - ...многое нужно сделать; to be null and void – быть недействительным; ...between now and the end of December... - ...еще до конца декабря…; on or before the 1st of October – не позднее 1 октября).
Упражнение 1 Переведите предложения на русский язык:
1. Britain’s balance of payments position now looks unexpectedly strong.
2. In the post-war period each time the economy starts expanding, the current account tilts info deficit.
3. The terms of trade moved strongly against the non-oil developing countries, since they ran deficits.
4. With a large trade deficit of £ 66 mln. for October, Britain’s trade gap reached double that of the previous month, a mere £ 33 mln.
5. Inflation in the USA has shown a decided improvement year on year.
6. The deteriorationin the trade deficit occurred early in the year.
7. All major trading areas recordedsubstantial increases in their sales to Canada.
8. Increased demand for energy produced record exports of gas, petroleum and electricity.
9. The actual downturn in GDP proved temporary and small.
10. The severely depressed housing industry seems to be revivinga bit.
11. The American economy is threatening to slow down and the world growthoutlook is not encouraging.
12. The construction industry’s poor showing this year is mainly due to flat demand.
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13. Bank accounts are created by customers going to the banks and depositing notes and coins.
14. Britain has various dealings with the rest of the world.
15. Operating freely, the price mechanism led to the paradox of poverty among plenty.
16. Economic analysis can be helpful in solving the problems which face policy-makers.
17. The books of this kind are currently in demand.
18. What exactly is the attraction of stocks and shares?
19. The firm did not lack the initiative.
20. The general public is barred from entry to the floor of the Stock Exchange.
21. A stockbroker does not hold a supply of shares in readiness to meet his customers’ requirements.
22. Other export items are exported to both bilateral and multilateral countries.
23. More leisure implies the need for more educational and cultural facilities.
24. The nature and functioning of money are a prolific source of confusion in understanding the working of the economy.
25. The process of monopolization which began with the Bank Charter Act of 1844 and which replaced a system of different paper money, was not completed until some seventy years later.
26. According to figures released this week, core consumer prices rose by 2,7% in the year to July too fast for comfort.
27. Profits like this are never earned without risk.
Упражнение 2 Переведите предложения на русский язык:
1.This book is intended for the general reader who would like to have some grasp of what economics is and what makes the economy tick.
2. The fact that the first part of the book is devoted to matters of finance should not, of course, be taken to imply that the economy revolves around Throgmorton and Lombard Streets.
3. Dabbling on the Stock Exchange (dabbling - игра на бирже) is no longer confined to a thin crust of heirs and financiers.
4. For government stock, cash on the nail is the rule, payment being due on the day following the transaction.
5. Some part of the remaining profits may be ploughed backinto business.
6. To say that the balance of payments is in deficit or is unfavourable is to suggest in the same breaththat something should be done about it.
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7. The process of integration in the British economy has for the most part been quietly unspectacular, only spasmodically exciting public attention as the giants ponderously perform their cannibalistic take-over rites.
8. The development of petrochemical products, synthetic fibres, plastic has all served to blur previous lines of demarcationbetween traditional industries.
9. If people now feel that keeping such large amounts of currency or cash in the banks is both unprofitable and unsafe, they may decide to keep no more than £400 under the bed and up the chimney, and to deposit £100 with a bank for safe keeping.
10. Unless this is so, different groups in the economy will concentrate on trying to increase their share of the limited national cakeat the expense of the others.
11. 'Bulls' buy securities in the expectation that their price will rise, and 'bears' sell in the hope that they will later be able to buy them back at a lower price. Both aim at being one step ahead of the rest of the market. 'Stags', the most parasitic of the speculators, subscribe to new issues in the knowledge that, to be successful, a new issue must be floated at a price which is slightly more attractive than that of a comparable second-hand security, and that its price will almost certainly rise shortly after the issue has been made. The ultimate in zoological activity camerecently when stags profited handsomely from an issue of Penguins (shares of the "Penguins" company).
12. The bosses reaped a golden harvestin profits but the nation never had adequate supplies of steel.
Упражнение 3. Прочитайте текст, выпишите и переведите выделенные слова на русский язык, дайте письменный комментарий именам собственным на русском языке, сделайте перевод текста на русский язык с листа
THREE SECTORS OF THE ECONOMY
The three-sector model in economics divides economies into three sectors of activity: extraction of raw materials (primary), manufacturing (secondary), and services (tertiary). According to the model, the main focus of an economy's activity shifts from the primary, through the secondary and finally to the tertiary sector.
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Countries with a low per capita income are in an early state of development; the main part of their national income is achieved through production in the primary sector. Countries in a more advanced state of development, with a medium national income, generate their income mostly in the secondary sector. In highly developed countries with a high income, the tertiary sector dominates the total output of the economy. The model was developed by Allan Fisher, Colin Clark, and Jean Fourastié.
Primary Sector
The primary sector describes all industries that are engaged in the extraction of natural resources or the production of raw materials. This includes industries such as forestry, mining, farming or fishing. The primary sector is the most basic sector because in its simplest form it does not require a lot of advanced machinery. Therefore, in traditional economies, it is usually the strongest sector in terms of employment. However, in more advanced economies, heavy machinery can be used to significantly increase efficiency and reduce the number of workers needed in primary sector industries. In other words, employment numbers in this sector tend to decrease, as economies develop. As a result, in most modern economies the primary sector only makes up about 10% of total employment.
Secondary Sector
The secondary sector includes all industries that are concerned with the manufacturing of usable products or finished goods. It is often divided further into heavy industry and light industry. Examples of heavy industry include steelmaking, mining, as well as the production of chemicals, automotives, aircraft, and so on. On the other hand, light industry includes the manufacturing of food, beverages, cosmetics, clothes, home electronics, etc. Both heavy and light industries use the raw material (i.e. output) from the primary sector and process it to the point where the resulting products can be used by other companies for further production or by consumers as finished goods. Many of the industries associated with the secondary sector require heavy machinery, consume large quantities of energy and produce a lot of waste (see also: negative externalities) during the production process. Nevertheless, the secondary sector is usually the strongest sector in transitional economies. In modern economies it still employs about 20% of the workforce.
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Tertiary Sector
The tertiary sector describes all industries that provide services to other businesses or final consumers. It is sometimes also referred to as the service sector or service industries. Examples of tertiary sector industries include retail, health care, financial services, entertainment and many others. Unlike the two preceding sectors, the tertiary sector focuses on interactions between people rather than the production of goods. However, many of the service industries still rely on goods produced in the primary and secondary sector to offer their services. As economies develop, more processes can be industrialized and automated. As a result, an increasing number of industries shift their focus towards the tertiary sector. Thus, in modern economies the tertiary sector employs about 70% of the workforce.
Bonus: Quaternary sector
The quaternary sector includes all industries that are concerned with the creation and distribution of knowledge. This sector has emerged a few years ago as a further distinction of the tertiary sector. Many economists argue that knowledge-based industries are distinct enough from classical service industries to warrant a separate sector. Thus, examples of quaternary sector industries include research and development, education, information technology, consulting, etc. Although this idea has become increasingly popular in recent years, the definition and scope of a quaternary sector are not clearly defined just yet, which results in a number of different approaches that each focus on a different set of industries
Упражнение 2: Вам даны пары предложений. Заполните пропуск во втором предложении одним из предложенных слов, чтобы значение осталось, как и в первом. Переведите на русский язык ( Некоторые предложенные слова лишние ).
amended - build up - considerable growth - constant rise - cuts – deterioration - downsizing - downward trend - dramatic increase - expansion - fluctuated - general improvement - marked progress - narrow - narrowing - phased in - phased out - reduce - relaxation – restructure - sharp decline/fall - steady decrease - streamline - strengthening - tightening up - upgrade - upward trend – weakening - widening
1. Last year, 33% of the population worked in secondary industries and 48% worked in the tertiary sector. This year, the figures are 27% and 53% respectively.
There has been a ______of the gap between those working in different sectors of the economy.
2. Last year, the overseas market accounted for 60% of our sales. This year, it only accounts for about 15%.
There has been a_________in overseas sales figures in the last year.
3. People can afford to buy more and live more comfortably than they could twenty years ago.
There has been a _________ in the standard of living.
4. Because our company is bigger now than it was two years ago, we need to recruit more employees.
Because of company_________over the last two years, we need more workers.
5. British travellers abroad have discovered that they can buy less foreign currency with their pound.
There has been a__________ of the pound sterling.
6. It is now much harder to import goods into the country than it was a few years ago.
There has been a________ of border controls for imports.
7. In 2002 inflation was running at about 4%, in 2003 it was 4.5%, in 2004 it was 5% and in 2005 it was 5.5%.
Between 2002 and 2005, there was a _________in the rate of inflation.
8. Last year, the company employed 200 people. This year it now has over 1000 employees.
There has been a__________in the number of employees working for the company.
9. Unemployment figures have dropped by about 2% every year for the last four years.
There has been a___________in unemployment figures over the last four years.
10. Over the next few years, some management positions in the company will be gradually removed.
Some management positions will be ___________over the next few years.
11. Because of forecasts for high demand in the future, we need to increase our stocks.
We need to__________our stocks to cope with future demand.
12. The government will spend less on import subsidies next year.
There are going to be ___________in import subsidy spending next year.
13. Public services are less reliable now than they were five years ago.
There has been a_______in public services reliability over the last five years.
14. Nowadays, more and more people are travelling abroad for business and pleasure.
There has been __________in the overseas travel market.
15. Соmpared with five years ago, more people are shopping at out-of-town retail parks than in town centre shops.
There has been an_______in the number of people shopping in out-of-town retail parks.
16. Unless your work visibly improves, we will have to recommend a transfer to another department.
We need to see some ________in your work, or we will recommend a departmental transfer.
17. Over the next two months, we plan to make our office computers faster and more efficient.
Over the next two months, we plan to_________our office computers.
18. We are trying to make the accounting system simpler and more efficient.
We are trying to______the accounting system.
19. Making the company smaller by making a lot of staff members redundant has made it much more profitable than it was before.
______________the company has made it much more profitable than it was before.
20. Property prices have gone up, then gone down, then gone up again twice this year.
Property prices have_______twice this year.
21. We have made small changes to the rules for applying for instant credit.
We have________the rules for applying for instant credit.
22. The company is planning to change its marketing division to make it more effective.
The company is planning to____________its marketing division.
UNIT IV
ПЕРЕВОД ДЕЛОВЫХ ПИСЕМ.
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