Task 5. Make two-word expressions by combining words from two lists: A and B. Then fill in the gaps in the following sentences.
A: executable B: language
application code
machine file
source extensions
file software
high-level instructions
1. When using a Windows PC, you can start an … by clicking its icon, selecting it from a Start menu, or entering its name in the Run dialog box.
2. Computer software can be divided into two major categories: … software and system software.
3. The data files supplied with a software package sport … such as .txt, .bmp, .hlp.
4. A programming language provides tools for creating a lengthy list of instructions called … .
5. A simple instruction to add two numbers becomes a long series of 0s and 1s in a… .
6. A compiler converts … into a file containing machine language instructions.
Task 6. Fill in the gaps in the text.
Software consists of computer ___ (programs/utilities) and data files that work together to provide a computer with the ___ (instructions/approaches) and ___ (data/tools) necessary for carrying out a specific type of task, such as document production, video editing, graphic design, or Web browsing.
To create a software ___ (efficiency/environment), a programmer must define the ___ (approaches/properties) for each element in the environment, such as where an object appears, its shape, its color, and its behavior. Most programmers today prefer to use ___ (high-level/machine) languages. A computer’s microprocessor understands only ___ (machine/high-level) language, however, so a program that is written in a high-level language must be ___ (avoided/compiled) or interpreted before it can be ___ (processed/modified).
Task 7. Look back at the article. Find the adjectives which mean the following. The first and the last letters are given:
1) perceptible by touch; definite, clearly intelligible, not elusive or visionary (t……e);
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2) consisting of two parts, dual (b….y);
3) capable of being numbered or estimated (c……..e);
4) based on random choice or whim; capricious; despotic (a…….y);
5) of or for or done by soldiers of the armed forces (m……y).
Task 8. Which of these statements are true? Correct the false ones.
1. Middleware controls and co-ordinates distributed systems.
2. System software provides the necessary services for application software.
3. Testware performs productive tasks for users.
4. Software testing can be launched for use by either an individual or a group.
5. Computer software is often regarded as hardware.
6. Software includes video games, websites, programs and logic systems of modern consumer devices.
7. Systems software unburdens the applications programmer from the often complex details of the particular computer being used.
8. Programming software assists a programmer in writing computer programs.
9. Industrial automation, educational software and business software are examples of application software.
Text 16B . IT Certification
Certification refers to the confirmation of certain characteristics of an object, person, or organization. This confirmation is often, but not always, provided by some form of external review, education, or assessment.
One of the most common types of certification in modern society is professional certification, where a person is certified as being able to competently complete a job or task, usually by the passing of an examination.
There are two general types of professional certification: some are valid for a lifetime, once the exam is passed. Others have to be recertified again after a certain period of time. Also, certifications can differ within a profession by the level or specific area of expertise they refer to. For example, in the IT Industry there are different certifications available for software tester, project manager, and developer. Similarly, the Joint Commission on Allied Health Personnel in Ophthalmology offers three certifications in the same profession, but with increasing complexity.
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Certification does not refer to the state of legally being able to practice or work in a profession. That is licensure. Usually, licensure is administered by a governmental entity for public protection purposes and a professional association administers certification. Licensure and certification are similar in that they both require the demonstration of a certain level of knowledge or ability.
Another common type of certification in modern society is product certification. This refers to processes intended to determine if a product meets minimum standards, similar to quality assurance.
In first-party certification, an individual or organization providing the good or service offers assurance that it meets certain claims. In second-party certification, an association to which the individual or organization belongs provides the assurance. Third-party certification involves an independent assessment declaring that specified requirements pertaining to a product, person, process or management system have been met.
For software testing the certifications can be grouped into exam-based and education-based. Exam-based certifications:
For this there is the need to pass an exam, which can also be learned by self-study: e.g. for International Software Testing Qualifications Board Certified Tester by the International Software Testing Qualifications Board or Certified Software Tester by QAI or Certified Software Quality Engineer by American Society for Quality. Education-based certifications are the instructor-led sessions, where each course has to be passed, e.g. Certified Software Test Professional or Certified Software Test Professional by International Institute for Software Testing.
Types of certification
· Academic degree
· Professional certification
· Product certification and certification marks
· Cyber security certification
· Digital signatures in public-key cryptography
· Music recording sales certification, such as "Gold" or "Platinum"
· Film certification, also known as Motion picture rating system
· Professional certification (computer technology)
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· Laboratory Certification and audits
Network+
Network+ exam by Comptia is designed specifically for the IT professional who have more than nine months experience in the computer network administration. The code of the Network+ exam is N10-003 and it was first introduced in 1997. Till the mid of May 2005, according to Comptia’s announcement, more than 150,000 were Network+ exam certified. Network+ is an entry level exam and it paves the way for the IT professionals in their quest for the more advance certifications like MCSE, CCNA, CCNP etc. There are not prerequisites for this certification. Comptia recommends that you must have the A+ certifications.
Network+ certification is well suited and designed for the network administrators. The topics covered in this exam are media and topologies, standards, protocols, network support and implementations. The Network+ certification shows the candidate’s knowledge of the basic networking fundamentals. Like other Comptia’s certifications, the Network+ certification will not be expired once it is achieved.
Security+
Security+ certification is designed for the IT professionals who have 2 years of experience in the network or systems administration and having the main focus on the security. The code of this exam is SY0101 and it was introduced by Comptia in 2002. Security+ is an entry level test for the most advanced tests like ISC2, CISSP and the SANS. As well as it can also be used as the basis for the some Microsoft certifications. Security+ certification is well suited for the network and security administrators and professionals.
The common topics included in this exam are designing security for a network, security infrastructure, cryptography, authentication, access control, internal and external network attacks and the dealing with the company’s security.
Security+ certifications shows the candidates knowledge of these things and it prepares the candidate to such level that he/she competes with the security breaches and finds some good alternative ways that are helpful in reducing the cost of a security breach. Once this certification is achieved it will never expire just like the other certifications of Comptia.
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Microsoft MCSE
Microsoft Certified Systems Engineer (MCSE) is designed for the professionals who are some requirements of analyzing the business, designing, making infrastructure, and implementing the securities at certain levels. MCSE is based on the Microsoft Windows 2000 platform and Windows NT platform (though many of the NT exams have been obsolete now). The Windows 2003 server has been merged into the MCSE exam.
MCSE certification does not retire but the newer versions are released by the Microsoft after few years. So the candidate has to be upgraded himself/herself with these latest exams. There are no specific requirements for the MCSE certifications. Those candidates who have one year experience in managing a computer network, network or desktop operating systems, will be considered suitable for this exam. Job descriptions and roles including after achieving the MCSE are Systems engineer, Network Engineer, Network Consultant, and Systems Analyst.
There is a 7 exams pass requirement for this certification and the candidates how are holding the MCSE 2000, are required to give 2-upgrade exams. By passing these exams you can achieve Windows Server 2000 MCSE exam.
Cisco CCNA
Cisco CCNA certification (Cisco Certified Network Associates) is an introductory level exam. The CCNA exam by Cisco systems was designed for the candidates who can install, configure and do administrator of the LAN (Local Area Network) or WAN (Wide Area Network) networks. CCNA is a prerequisite for the some higher level certifications like CCNP and CCDP. The CCNA exam is valid for the three years. In 2003, Cisco has introduced the two paths of the CCNA exam (INTRO and ICND). Job role for the individuals who are CCNA certified are network administration, system administration and network consultant etc.
CCNP
CCNP (Cisco Certified Network Professional) exam is designed for the candidates who can install, configure and troubleshoot a LAN/WAN network of 100 to 500 computers. The CCNP certification has its prerequisites such as CCNP certification. The topics included in this certification are converged networks, security, VPN, quality of service and broadband technologies like VOIP, DSL, Cable net etc. There is a four, three and two exams path to the CCNP. The CCNP exam is valid for the three years. The job role for a CCNP certified is Network administration, LAN administration,WAN administrator and Network consultant.
ISC2 CISSP
CISSP (Certified Information Systems Security Professional) is introduced by ISC2. The ISC2 is a not profit organization and it manages the CISSP exams. A CISSP exam is designed for the candidates who are having minimum four years of experience in the field of Information systems. A bachelor and a Master degree separately, can be a substitute of the one required years for this exam. Also, some lower level certifications like SSCP (Systems Security Certified Practitioner) is also recommended before the CISSP exam.
The CISSP exam is aimed for the IT professionals who want to be Information security professionals, systems security professionals and network security professionals.
Task 9. Discuss the following questions:
1. What is one of the most common types of certification in modern society ?What does it mean?
2. How many general types of certification do you know?
3. What is the main difference between certification and licensure?
4. How can the certifications for software testing be grouped?
5. What is exam-based certification?
6. What is education-based certification?
7. When was Network+ introduced? Whom was it designed?
8. How many years of experience must you have to pass Security+?
9. What does Security+ certifications show?
10. What Microsoft Certified Systems Engineer (MCSE) was designed for?
11. Are there specific requirements for the MCSE certifications?
12. The CCNA exam is valid for five years, isn't it?
13. What is the aim of the CISSP exam?
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