Task 8. Indicate the paragraph where the following ideas are found in the text.
1. A program written in a procedural language contains the prescribed series of instructions.
2. An algorithm shows the steps how to manipulate the information to arrive at a solution.
3. There are different tools to express an algorithm.
4. To make sure that your algorithm works, you should verify it.
5. Program instructions can be executed in order they are listed or some instructions can be skipped or repeated.
6. Many problems in banking industry lend themselves to the procedural approach.
Task 9. Match up the words that are opposite in meaning.
sequential parallel algorithm
downside problem
to focus written
solution advantage
to deposit to distract
linear algorithm random
verbal to withdraw
Task 10. Fill in the blanks choosing from the variants given.
1. During … execution,the computer performs each instruction in the order it appears – the first instruction in the program is executed first, then the second instruction, and so on, to the last instruction in the program.
a) random b) sequential c) direct d) reverse
2. The main ... of procedural paradigm is that it forces programmers to view problems as a series of steps, whereas some problems might better be visualized as interacting objects or as interrelated words, concepts, and ideas.
a) benefit b) advantage c) drawback d) downside
3. The fact that algorithms are usually written in a format that is not specific to a particular programming language allows you … on formulating a correct algorithm.
a) to concentrate b) to focus c) to distract
4. The traditional approach to programming uses a procedural paradigm to conceptualize the … a problem as a sequence of steps.
a) problem b) decision c) solution
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5. The algorithm for calculating checking account balances is the same, regardless of the amounts … and.... .
a) invested, placed, deposited b) drawn out, withdrawn, taken away
6. Procedural languages are well suited for problems that can be easily solved with … algorithm.
a) chain b) linear c) parallel
7. For complex programs, a walkthrough might consist of a... presentation to a group of programmers who can help identify logical errors in the algorithm and suggest ways to make the algorithm more efficient.
a) written b) graphical c) verbal
Task 11. Make three-word combinations using the words in columns and then fill in the gaps in the following sentences.
A: selection B: account C: instruction
self step-by-step algorithm
software computer balances
standardized development language
checking control process
linear contained structure
1. The procedural approach is best suited for problems that can be solved by following a … .
2. A …, also referred to as a “decision structure” or “branch”, tells a computer what to do, based on whether a condition is true or false.
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3. The first widely used …, FORTRAN, with its procedural paradigm set the pattern for other popular procedural languages.
4. In banking industry, the algorithm for calculating … is the same.
5. A program written in a procedural language typically consists of ... in a sequence that indicates how a task is to be performed or a problem is to be solved.
6. The algorithm is coded into instructions written in a programming language which a computer can implement in a later phase of the … .
Task 12. Discuss the following questions.
1. What is proceduralprogramming?
2. What is an algorithm?
3. How do you write an algorithm?
4. What is the best way to express an algorithm?
5. How do you know if your algorithm is correct?
6. In what order does a computer perform program instructions?
7. Can the computer make decisions while it executes a program?
8. What are the most popular procedural languages?
9. What kinds of problems are best suited to the procedural approach?
10. What are the advantages and disadvantages of the procedural paradigm?
Task 14. Translate the following sentences into English.
1. Якщо вам вдалося написати програму, в якій транслятором не виявлено помилок, зверніться до системного програмісту - він виправить помилки в трансляторі.
2. У природі програмування лежить те, що немає співвідношення між "розмірами" самої помилки і проблем, які вона спричиняє.
3. Якщо налагодження - процес видалення помилок, то програмування має бути процесом їх внесення.
4. Машинна програма виконує те, що ви наказали їй робити, а не те, що б ви хотіли, щоб вона робила.
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5. Складність програми зростає до тих пір, поки не перевищить здатності програміста.
6. Якби архітектори будували будівлі так, як програмісти пишуть програми, то перший залетівший жук зруйнував би цивілізацію.
7. Ніколи не виявляйте в програмі помилки, якщо ви не знаєте, що з ними робити далі.
WORD FORMATION
COMPOUND WORDS
There are three forms of compound words:
· the closed form, in which the words are melded together, such as firefly, secondhand, softball, childlike, crosstown, redhead, keyboard, makeup, notebook;
· the hyphenated form, such as daughter-in-law, master-at-arms, over-the-counter, six-pack, six-year-old, mass-produced;
· and the open form, such as post office, real estate, middle class, full moon, half sister, attorney general.
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