Read the program below and the text, then complete the sentences which follow.
NOTES: 1) comment lines – строка комментария; 2) parentheses – круглые скобки; 3) braces – фигурные скобки; 4) declaration statement – оператор объявлений; 5) assignment statement – оператор присваивания; 6) variable name – имя переменной; 7) function statement – функциональный оператор, оператор функции; 8) semicolon – точка с запятой; 9) a must – необходимость, потребность, требование; 10) to terminate – завершать, заканчивать; terminator – завершающая запись; 11) blank line – пустая строка; 12) to span – охватывать, изменять
| /*CALCULATE AVERAGES */ main ( ) { float a, b, c, d, average; printf (“Enter three numbers: “); scanf (“%f %f %f “, &a, &b, &c); d=a+b+c; average=d/3.0; printf (“The average is %f “, average); } |
Comment Lines
A C source program consists of statements and comment lines. Comment lines are enclosed by the characters /* (at the start of the comment) and */ (at the end of the comment).
The Function main { }
Every C program must have a function called main which must appear only once in a program. The parentheses following the word main must be present, but there must be no parameters included. The main part of the program is enclosed within braces { }, and consists of declaration statements, assignment statements, and other C functions. In the above program there are six statements within the braces: a declaration statement (the first statement of the main program starting with the word float), two assignment statements (the fourth and fifth statements starting with the variable names d and average), and three function statements, two to print information on the screen and one to scan the keyboard for input.
As C is free-form language, the semicolon (;) at the end of each line is a must. It acts as a statement terminator, telling the compiler where an instruction ends. Free form means that statements can be identified and blank lines inserted in the source file to improve readability, and statements can span several lines. However, each statement must be terminated with a semicolon. If you forget to include the semicolon, the compiler will produce an error, indicating the next line as the source of the error. This can cause some confusion, as the statement objected to can be correct, yet as a syntax error is produced.
Variables and the Declaration Statement
A variable is a quantity that is referred to be name, such as a, b, c, d and average in the above program. A variable can take on many values during program execution, but you must make sure that they are given an initial value, as C does not do so automatically. However, before variables can be used in a program, they must be declared in a type declaration statement.
Exercise. Fill in the gaps to complete the sentences.
1.The Function ... must appear only once in a program. 2. /* CALCULATE AVERAGES*/ is a ... line. 3. The statement float a, b, c, d, average; is a ... statement. 4. The program below contains ... function statements. 5. The assignment statements are on lines ... and ... . 6. The main part of the program is enclosed within ... . 7. Each line of any C program must end with a ..., which acts as a statement ... . 8. If you forget to include the correct punctuation, the ... will produce a ... error. 9. A quantity referred to by name is known as a ... . 10. A ... statement must be used to declare variables.
UNIT 16
COMPUTER SOFTWARE. IT Certification
Vocabulary Bank Unit 16
Task 1. Read, write the translation and learn the basic vocabulary terms:
1. arbitrary distinction
2. certification marks
3. Certified Software Quality Engineer by American Society for Quality
4. Certified Software Test Professional
5. CISSP (Certified Information Systems Security Professional)
6. competently
7. compilers
8. container term
9. cyber security certification
10. debuggers
11. digital signatures
12. distributed systems
13. education-based certification
14. electrically programmable memory devices
15. exam-based certification
16. file extension
17. firmware
18. FPGA configuration
19. hardware carriers
20. Help documentation
21. independent assessment
22. instructor-led sessions
23. intangible
24. Integrated development Environment (IDE)
25. interpreters
26. Joint Commission
27. licensure
28. linkers
29. mainboards
30. Microsoft Certified Systems Engineer (MCSE)
31. middleware
32. modular approach
33. object code
34. ordered sequence
35. particular
36. perceptible by touch
37. pertaining
38. preceding state
39. productive tasks
40. quality assurance
41. software product fit
42. subsets
43. testware
44. to be blurred
45. to be compiled
46. to be launched
47. to encompass
48. to unburden
49. user-executable files
50. whim
Text 16 A. SOFTWARE: THE INSIDE STORY
Computer software determines the types of tasks a computer can help you accomplish. Some software helps you create documents; while other software helps you edit home videos, prepare your tax return or design the floor plan for a new house.
The instructions that tell a computer how to carry out a task are referred to as a computer program. These programs form the software that prepares a computer to do a specific task, such as document production, video editing, graphic design or Web browsing. In popular usage the term “software” refers to one or more computer programs and any additional files that are provided to carry out a specific type of task. Whether it’s on a CD or downloaded from the Web, today’s software is typically composed of many files. You might be surprised by the number of files that are necessary to make software work. At least one of the files included in a software package contains an executable program designed to be launched, or started, by users. On PCs, these programs are stored in files that typically have .exe file extensions and are referred to as “executable files”. Other files supplied with a software package contain programs that are not designed to be run by users. These “support programs” contain instructions for the computer to use in conjunction with the main user-executable file. A support program can be activated by the main program as needed. Support programs often have file extensions such as .dll and .ocx.
In addition to program files, many software packages also include data files. As you might expect, these files contain any data that is necessary for a task, but not supplied by the user, such as Help documentation. The data files supplied with a software package sport files extensions such as .txt, .bmp, and .hlp. (see fig. 2):
The use of a main user-executable file plus several support programs and data files offers a great flexibility and efficiency for software developers. Support programs and data files from existing programs can usually be modified by developers for other programs without changing the main executable file. This modular approach can reduce the time required to create and test the main executable file, which usually contains a long and fairly complex program. This modular approach also allows software developers to reuse their support programs in multiple software products and adapt preprogrammed support modules for use in their own software. Modular programming techniques are of interest mainly to people who create computer programs; however these techniques affect the process of installing and uninstalling software. It is important, therefore, to remember that computer software consists of many files that contain user-executable programs, support programs, and data.
Software is categorized as application software or system software. The primary purpose of application software is to help people carry out tasks using a computer. In contrast, the primary purpose of system software – your computer’s operating system, device drivers, programming languages, and utilities – is to help the computer to carry out its basic operating functions.
Computer software or just software is a general term used to describe the role that computer programs, procedures and documentation play in a computer system. The term includes:
· Application software, such as word processors which perform productive tasks for users.
· Firmware, which is software programmed resident to electrically programmable memory devices on board, mainboards or other types of integrated hardware carriers.
· Middleware, which controls and co-ordinates distributed systems.
· System software such as operating systems, which interface with hardware to provide the necessary services for application software.
· Software testing is a domain dependent of development and programming.
· Software testing consists of various methods to test and declare a software product fit before it can be launched for use by either an individual or a group.
· Testware, which is an umbrella term or container term for all utilities and application software that serve in combination for testing a software package but not necessarily may optionally contribute to operational purposes.
As such, testware is not a standing configuration but merely a working environment for application software or subsets thereof.
Software includes things such as websites, programs or video games that are coded by programming languages like C or C++. "Software" is sometimes used in a broader context to mean anything which is not hardware but which is used with hardware, such as film, tapes and records.
Computer software is often regarded as anything but hardware, meaning that the "hard" are the parts that are tangible while the "soft" part is the intangible objects inside the computer. Software encompasses an extremely wide array of products and technologies developed using different techniques like programming languages, scripting languages, microcode, or an FPGA configuration.
The types of software include web pages developed by technologies like HTML, PHP, Perl, JSP, ASP.NET, XML, and desktop applications like Open Office, Microsoft Word developed by technologies like C, C++, Java, or C#.
Software usually runs on underlying software operating systems such as the Linux or Microsoft Windows. Software also includes video games and the logic systems of modern consumer devices such as automobiles, televisions, and toasters.
Computer software is so called to distinguish it from computer hardware, which encompasses the physical interconnections and devices required to store and execute (or run) the software. At the lowest level, software consists of a machine language specific to an individual processor. A machine language consists of groups of binary values signifying processor instructions that change the state of the computer from its preceding state. Software is an ordered sequence of instructions for changing the state of the computer hardware in a particular sequence. It is usually written in high-level programming languages that are easier and more efficient for humans to use (closer to natural language) than machine language. High-level languages are compiled or interpreted into machine language object code. Software may also be written in an assembly language, essentially, a mnemonic representation of a machine language using a natural language alphabet. Assembly language must be assembled into object code via an assembler.
The term "software" was first used in this sense by John W. Tukey in 1958. In computer science and software engineering, computer software is all computer programs. The theory that is the basis for most modern software was first proposed by Alan Turing in his 1935 essay “Computable numbers with an application to the Entscheidungsproblem”.
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