Translate the article into Russian in writing and comment on the ways to decrease youth unemployment



Generation jobless

The number of young people out of work globally is nearly as big as the population of the United States

“Young people ought not to be idle. It is very bad for them,” said Margaret Thatcher in 1984. She was right: there are few worse things that society can do to its young than to leave them in limbo. Yet more young people are idle than ever. OECD figures suggest that 26m 15- to 24-year-olds in developed countries are not in employment, education or training; the number of young people without a job has risen by 30% since 2007. Depending on how you measure them, the number of young people without a job is nearly as large as the population of America (311m).

Two factors play a big part. First, the long slowdown in the West has reduced demand for labour, and it is easier to put off hiring young people than it is to fire older workers. Second, in emerging economies population growth is fastest in countries with dysfunctional labour markets, such as India and Egypt. That results in an “arc of unemployment”, from southern Europe through north Africa and the Middle East to South Asia, where the rich world’s recession meets the poor world’s youthquake.

The most obvious way to tackle this problem is to reignite growth. That is easier said than done in a world plagued by debt, and is anyway only a partial answer. The countries where the problem is worst (such as Spain and Egypt) suffered from high youth unemployment even when their economies were growing. Throughout the recession companies have continued to complain that they cannot find young people with the right skills. This underlines the importance of two other solutions: reforming labour markets and improving education. These are familiar prescriptions, but ones that need to be delivered with both a new vigour and a new twist.

Deregulating labour markets is central to tackling youth unemployment. But it will not be enough on its own. Britain has a flexible labour market and high youth unemployment. In countries with better records, governments tend to take a more active role in finding jobs for those who are struggling. Germany, which has the second-lowest level of youth unemployment in the rich world, pays a proportion of the wages of the long-term unemployed for the first two years. The Nordic countries provide young people with “personalised plans” to get them into employment or training. But these policies are too expensive to reproduce in southern Europe, with their millions of unemployed, let alone the emerging world. A cheaper approach is to reform - for example, by making it easier for small businesses to get licences, or construction companies to get approval for projects, or shops to stay open in the evening.

The problem of youth unemployment has been getting worse for several years. But there are at last some reasons for hope. Governments are trying to address the mismatch between education and the labour market. Companies are beginning to take more responsibility for investing in the young. And technology is helping democratise education and training. The world has a real chance of introducing an education-and-training revolution worthy of the scale of the problem.

The Economist, April 27th, 2013

 

USEFUL TERMS AND EXPRESSIONS

· tobeidle — быть безработным, быть незанятым

· OECD — ОЭСР (Организация Экономического Сотрудничества и Развития)

· totackle a problem — взяться за решение проблемы

· toreignite — возобновлять

· toderegulate - сократить объем вмешательства государства

· labour-hungrybitsoftheeconomy — отрасли экономики, нуждающиеся в большом количестве рабочей силы

 

TEXT 7

Translate the article into Russian in writing.

At Last, a Proper Recovery

All sorts of Americans are feeling more prosperous

The American economy has technically been out of recession for six years. It is finally starting to feel like it. Millions of new jobs are sprouting. Many who had given up looking for work are trying again - and succeeding. Wage growth is picking up. But the economy is far from full strength.

America is thriving for a few reasons. It is a relatively self-contained economy.So America feels other countries pain only faintly. While many governments are tightening belts, America's is not.American shoppers are flush with cheap credit. Lower oil prices also help, since America is still a net importer of the stuff.

The labour market was ugly in the years immediately after the crisis. But now it is the star of the catwalk. Between 2011 and 2014 only eight countries saw bigger falls in their unemployment rate, according to the IMF. At 5.7%, America's is one of the lowest in the OECD. Firms added more than 1m net new jobs in the three months to January, the best showing since 1997. And things may soon get even better. The survey, released on February 10th, showed that by the end of December there were 5m job openings, the highest level since 2001.

This boom is helping people who typically struggle to find good jobs. Tighter limits on how long people may claim unemployment benefits, which took effect at the beginning of 2014, may have made low-skilled workers more appealing to employers. By encouraging the jobless to accept lower wages, it may have enticed companies to create more jobs. Indeed, half the jobs added in January were in low-wage industries like restaurants and shops. With more work available, in the past year the unemployment rate for Americans without a high-school diploma has fallen by one percentage point. Among 16-19-year-old men, hit hard by the recession, unemployment is now 31 percentage points lower than its 2009 peak.

For years the proportion of the population in the labour force shrank, as disappointed jobseekers gave up hope. In 2010 1.3m Americans were not looking for work because, they said, there was none available. Now there are 680,000 such people - still high, but down a fifth over the year.

Things are also looking better for those already in work. Some 4m Americans who work part-time say they would rather work full-time but can't get the hours thanks to the lousy economy. This group is about 60% of the size it was in 2009. Average weekly earnings in January were 2.8% higher than they were a year earlier, the biggest increase since mid-2011. That sounds great, but it is probably down to people working longer, rather than better.

The Economist, February 14th,2015

USEFUL TERMS AND EXPRESSIONS

· to sprout– расти; появляться

· self-contained economy – самодостаточная страна

· to entice – увлекать, прельщать

TEXT 8


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