Translate the following sentences from Russian into English, using the active vocabulary
1. Хотя экономисты прогнозируют улучшение ситуации на рынке труда, вряд ли безработица снизится до докризисного уровня.
2. Когда рынок труда характеризуется высоким спросом на рабочую силу при ограниченном предложении, работодатели повышают зарплату, с целью привлечь высококвалифицированную рабочую силу.
3. Считается, что компании будут больше полагаться на сотрудников, работающих неполный рабочий день, временных и внештатных сотрудников, так как они более мобильны.
4. Во вторник Министерство Труда опубликовало данные о повышении циклической безработицы, вызванном ростом числа уволенных, а также сокращением найма.
5. Гибкий рынок рабочей силы характеризуется ослаблением регулирования: работодатели могут по собственному желанию увольнять сотрудников, менять продолжительность их рабочего дня и устанавливать уровень зарплат.
6. Основные требования профсоюзов заключаются в увеличении гарантий занятости для работников и продления срока выплат пособий по безработице для тех, кого сократили во время спада.
REVISION (UnitsI-III)
Exercise № 20
Translate the sentences into Russian.
1. Emerging economies already buy over half of all motor vehicles (up from only 20% in 2000), and account for four-fifths of mobile-phone contracts.
2. Growth was dragged down by slow business investment and a decline in energy exports that was not completely offset by a boost in consumer spending.
3. While the yuan has barely risen against the dollar since July, the dollar itself has been strong.
4. Morgan Stanly, an investment bank, says that manufacturing is on the verge of recession, but this accounts for only one-fifth of total euro-area output.
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5. Growth in exports to the US, Hong Kong and China were offset by declines in shipments to the EU, Korea and Taiwan.
6. “Imports are not likely to keep rising as quickly as they have in recent months, while exports should continue to improve,” said Ian Shepherdson, chief US economist at High Frequency Economics.
7. Consumer spending, which accounts for two thirds of GDP, continues to rise, and is on the course for real year-on-year growth in the first quarter of over 3%.
8. Slower growth in China is dampening commodity prices, hitting exporters in Latin America.
9. The recent data have raised some worries that perhaps growth is now decelerating much more than planned. The signs include a contraction in manufacturing activity, a slowing in consumer spending, a rise in claims for unemployment benefit and a number of prominent companies lowering earnings forecasts and capital-spending plans.
10. While the labour market continues to improve, unemployment is known to be a lagging indicator.
11. Capacity utilization is likely to have significantly increased again in the third quarter, which – together with jobs growth – signals a continuation of higher growth rates.
12. While a weakening exchange rate is welcome news for UK exporters who have been struggling to hang on to foreign markets, it raises the cost of raw material and fuel imports, threatening higher inflation.
13. Since the end of last summer, automakers have been slashing vehicle output to slow the pace of inventory accumulation – accounting for a significant part of the slowdown in overall economic growth.
14. Although demand for oil is waning, stocks of the commodity in the US are now at a 25-year low, meaning that there is unlikely to be a substantial drop in demand even if economic weakness continues.
15. High inflation has made it difficult for Indonesian President to rely on a growing consumer class to offset weak exports, as prices rise for everything from fuel to beef.
16. America’s growth rate weakened in the second quarter, expanding by 1,5% over the previous quarter at an annual rate, according to the first estimates.
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17. Finland’s economy shrank by 1.1% in the second quarter. The country had been one of the euro zone’s best performers, but the crisis is now starting to take its toll on exports, which account for 40% of Finnish GDP.
18. A stronger yen, which hurts profits of exporters, tend to pull share prices lower.
19. In both the US and UK, falling prices coupled with a strengthening labour market, resulting in job and wage growth, raises real incomes.
20. Low interest rates tend to encourage borrowing and risk-taking, in that way supporting growth; higher rates, by contrast, are likely to weigh on growth.
TOPICAL VOCABULARYUNIT III
1. labour
syn. labour force/workforce
· labour force participation rate
· labour flexibility/mobility
· labour costs
2. labour market
· healthy labour market
· flexible labour market
· tight labour market
3. to employ/to hire
ant. to fire
to lay off
· employee
· employer
4. employment
· conditions of employment
· full-time/full employment
· part-time employment
· re-employment
· payroll employment
· manufacturing employment
· unemployment
· frictional unemployment
· seasonal unemployment
· cyclical unemployment
· unemployment rate/level
· syn. rate of unemployment
· ant. employment rate
· natural rate of unemployment (NAIRU)
5. wage/salary/pay
· average wage
· minimum wage
· wage inflation
· wage rate
· to set wages
· to lift wages
6. competition
· strong/stiff/tough/fierce/fair/unfair competition
· to compete
· competitive
· competitiveness
· competitor
· syn. rival
7. skill/qualification
· low/semi-skilled/skilled/unskilled labour
· transferable skills
· to apply skills
· skilled trade
8. trade union
9. to indicate
· indicator
· indication
10. to perform
· performance
· underperformance of the economy/underperforming economy
11. to contribute to
12. income
· disposable income
13. demand for
14. benefit
· to benefit from
· beneficial
· unemployment benefit
15. a rise in/growth in
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16. overhaul
17. headline figure/rate
18. to hit/hurt/affect
19. to offset
20. worker
· contract worker
· temporary worker
21. vacancy
· to fill a vacancy
22. Bureau of Labour Statistics
23. to be idle
UNIT FOUR
International Trade
LEAD-IN
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