United nations as an international organization on human rights protection
The United Nations is an international organisation of countries. It was created for many reasons:
• There should be peace and security in the world after the Second World War.
• Countries should be friendly to each other.
• Countries should help each other solve problems.
• Human rights should be respected everywhere in the world.
After the Second World War the allied countries got together to discuss in which ways such an organization could be created. In 1945 50 countries got together in San Francisco and signed an agreement that created the United Nations. The United States invited the new UN to set up its headquarters in New York. The building was finished in 1952 and has been the permanent seat of the UN until today.
Membership is open to all peace - loving nations. Today there are about 200 countries in the UN - only very few have not become members.
Switzerland joined the UN in 2002 because the Swiss always wanted to be neutral.
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
The United Kingdom is situated in the north-west coast of Europe between the Atlantic Ocean on the north and north-west and the North Sea on the east. The U.K. includes Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Great Britain, the largest island in Europe, contains England, Scotland and Wales. The U.K. has an area of 94,249 square miles. The capital of the country is London. English is the official language. The population of the U.K. is nearly 60 million people. The population lives mostly in towns and cities and their suburbs. Four out of every five people live in towns. Over 46 million people live in England. Over 3 million – in Wales. A little over 5 million – in Scotland. About 1,5 million - in the Northern Ireland. London’s population is over 7 million people. The British nation consists of the English, Scots, the Welsh and the Irish. There are many people of all colours and races in the U.K. the climate of Great Britain is mild. It is not too hot in summers or too cold in winter. It often rains in England. Rain falls in the summer and in the winter, in autumn and in spring. Snow falls only in the north and west of country. The surface of England and Ireland is flat, but Scotland and Wales are mountainous. Many parts of the country have beautiful villages. There are many rivers in Great Britain. The main river is the Thames. Many ships and barges go up and down the river. The longest river is Severn. It is 350 kilometres long. There are many universities, colleges, libraries, museums and theatres in the country. The most universities are Cambridge University, Oxford University and Glasgow University. The U.K. is a parliamentary monarchy. The British Parliament consists of two Houses: the House of Lords and the House of Commons. The Prime Minister is the head of the government. The main political parties of Great Britain are the Labour Party, the Liberal Party and the Conservative Party. The Communist Party of Great Britain was founded in 1920. It is a party of the working people. The U.K. has few mineral resources. Coal and oil are the most important of them. The U.K. is one of the world’s most industrialized countries. The main industrial centres are Sheffield, Birmingham and Manchester. The largest cities of the country are London, Birmingham, Cardiff, Manchester, Glasgow, Belfast and Dublin. Agriculture takes an important sector economy of the country. The British people grow wheat, fruit, vegetable and oats.
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The United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is situated on the British Isles. The British Isles consist of two large islands, Great Britain and Ireland, and about five thousands small islands. Their total area is over 244 000 square kilometres. The United Kingdom is one of the world's smaller countries. Its population is over 57 million. About 80 percent of the population is urban. The United Kingdom is made up of four countries: England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. Their capitals are London, Cardiff, Edinburgh and Belfast respectively. Great Britain consists of England , Scotland and Wales and does not include Northern Ireland. But in everyday speech Great Britain is used in the meaning of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The capital of the UK. is London. The British Isles are separated from the Continent by the North Sea and the British Channel. The *western coast of Great Britain is washed by the Atlantic Ocean and the Irish Sea.
The surface of the British Isles varies very much. The north of Scotland is mountainous and is called the Highlands. The South, which has beautiful valleys and plains, is called the Lowlands. The north and west of England are mountainous, but the eastern, central and south- eastern parts of England are a vast plain. Mountains are not very high. Ben Nevis in Scotland is the highest mountain (1343 m). There are a lot of rivers iri Great Britain, but they are not very long. The Severn is the longest rive?, while the Thames is the deepest and the most important oae. The mountains, the Atlantic Ocean and the warm waters of the Gulf Stream influence the climate of the British Isles. It is mild the whole year round. The UK. is a highly developed industrial country. It produces and exports machinery, electronics, textile. One of the chief industries of the country is shipbuilding. * The UK is a constitutional monarchy with a parliament and the Queen as Head of State.
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Великобритания Великобритании и Северной Ирландии расположена на Британских островах. Британские острова состоят из двух больших островов, Великобритании и Ирландии, и приблизительно пять тысяч маленьких островов. Их полная область - более чем 244 000 квадратных километров. Великобритания - одна из всемирных меньших стран. Его население - более чем 57 миллионов. Приблизительно 80 процентов от населения городские. Великобритания составлена из четырех стран: Англия, Уэльс, Шотландия и Северная Ирландия. Их капиталы(столицы) Лондонские, Кардиффские, Эдинбургские и Белфастские соответственно. Великобритания состоит из Англии, Шотландии и Уэльса и не включает Северную Ирландию. Но в каждодневной речи Великобритания используется в значении Великобритании Великобритании и Северной Ирландии. Капитал(столица) ВЕЛИКОБРИТАНИИ. Является Лондонским. Британские острова отделены от Континента Северным морем и Британским Каналом. *western побережье Великобритании вымыто Атлантическим океаном и Ирландским морем.
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Поверхность Британских островов изменяется очень. Север Шотландии громаден и называется Горной местностью. Юг, который имеет красивые долины и равнины, называется Среднешотландской низменностью. К северу и к западу от Англии громаден, но восточен, центральн и южный - восточные части Англии - обширная равнина. Горы - не очень высоки. Бен-Невис в Шотландии - самая высокая гора (1343 m). Есть много рек iri Великобритания, но они - не очень длинны. Северн самый длинный rive?, в то время как Темза самая глубокая и наиболее важна oae. Горы, Атлантический океан и теплые воды Гольфстрима влияют на климат Британских островов. Это умеренно целый год вокруг. ВЕЛИКОБРИТАНИЯ. Является высоко развитой индустриальной страной. Это производит и экспортирует машины, электронику, ткань. Одна из главных отраслей промышленности страны - судостроение. * ВЕЛИКОБРИТАНИЯ - конституционная монархия с парламентом и Королевой как Глава государства.
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The United Nations
The United Nations is an organization of sovereign nations representing almost all of humanity. The United Nations has played and continues to play, an active role in reducing tension in the world, preventing conflicts and putting an end to fighting already under way.
The name UN was devised by US President F. Roosevelt.
The UN Charter was drown up by the representatives of 50 countries and was signed on 26 June 1945. The UN officially came into existence on 24 October 1945 when the charter had been ratified.
There are six main organs of the United Nations - the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council, the Secretariat and the International Court of Justice. The Court has its seat at The Hague, Netherlands. All other organs are based at the United Nations Headquarters in New York.
All UN Member States are represented in the General Assembly. Members of the General Assembly talk to each other in many languages, but officially there are only six - Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish.
The Security Council consists of 15 Council members and answers for the international safety.
The Economic and Social Council consists of 54 members, elected for three-year terms and coordinates on the economic and social work of the UN.
The Trusteeship Council was established to provide international supervision for 11 Trust Territories administered by 7 Member States.
The International Court of Justice is the main judicial organ of the UN, consisting of 15 judges and decides disputes between countries.
The Secretariat carries out the substantive and administrative work of the UN. At its head is the Secretary-General.
The United States of America
The Unites States of America are situated in the central part of the North American continent. Its western coast is washed by the Pacific Ocean and its eastern coast - by the Atlantic Ocean. The total area of the USA is over nine million square kilometres. The population of the USA is more than 236 million people; most of the population lives in towns and cities. The USA is a very large country, so it has several different climatic regions. The Goldest regions are in the north and north-east. The south has a subtropical climate. The United States is a land of rivers and lakes..The northern stateof Minnesota is the land of 10 000 lakes. The longest rivers in the USA are the Mississippi, the Missouri and the Rio Grande. The highest mountains are the Rocky Mountains, the Cordillera and the Sierra Nevada.The United States are riebiia natural and mineral resources. It produces copper, oil, iron ore and coal. It is a highly-developed industrial Bad agricultural coubtry. There are many big cities in the USA, such as New York, Chicago, Los Angeles, Philadelphia and others. The national capital is Washington, D.C. Its population is about 3,4 million. Washington wasbuilt in the late eighteenth century especially as the centre of governmeat. It was named after George Washington. The USA became the world teading country at the beginning of the twen*eth century.
Объединяется, штаты Америка расположены в центральной части Североамериканского континента. Его западное побережье вымыто Тихим океаном и его восточным побережьем - Атлантическим океаном. Полная область США - более чем девять миллионов квадратных километров. Население США - больше чем 236 миллионов людей; большинство населения живет в городах и городах. США - очень большая страна, так что это имеет несколько различный климатический
Области(регионы). Goldest области(регионы) находятся на севере и северо-востоке. Юг имеет субтропический климат. Соединенные Штаты - земля рек и озер.. Северное государство(состояние)Из Штата Mиннесота - земля 10 000 озер. Самый длинный Реки в США - Mиссиссипи, Mиссури и Рио-Гранде. Самые высокие горы - Скалистые горы, Кордильеры и Сьерра-Невада.Соединенные Штаты - riebiia естественные и минеральные ресурсы. Это производит медь, нефть(масло), железную руду и уголь. Это - высоко-развитый индустриальный Плохой сельскохозяйственный coubtry. Есть много больших городов в США, типа Нью-Йорка, Чикаго, Лос-Анджелеса, Филадельфии и других. Национальный капитал(столица) Вашингтонский, Его население округа Колумбия - приблизительно 3,4 миллионов. Вашингтон был
Строивший в последнем восемнадцатом столетии тем более, что центр governmeat. Это было названо по имени Джорджа Вашингтона. США стали миром teading страна в начале twen*eth столетия.
"Unwritten Rules" of Great Britain
Good and bad manners make up the social rules of a country. They are not always easy to learn because they are often not written down in books. For example, British women didn't go into pubs at the beginning of this century because it was not considered respectable behaviour for a woman. Now both women and men drink freely is pubs and women are fully integrated into public life. Visitors to Britain are often surprised by the strange behaviour of the inhabitants. One of the worst mistakes is to get on a bus without waiting your turn in the queue. The other people in the queue will probably complain loudly! Queuing is a national habit and it is considered polite or good manners to wait for your turn.
In some countries it is considered bad manners to eat in the street, whereas in Britain it is common to see people having a snack whilst walking down the road, especially at lunchtime. Britons may be surprised to see young children in restaurants in the evening because children are not usually taken out to restaurants late at night. And if they make a noise in public or in a restaurant it is considered very rude. In recent years children are playing a more active role and they are now accepted in many pubs and restaurants.
In recent years smoking has received a lot of bad publicity, and fewer British people now smoke. Many companies have banned smoking from their offices and canteens. Smoking is now banned on the London Underground, in cinemas and theaters and most buses. It's becoming less and less acceptable to smoke in a public place. It is considered rude or bad manners to smoke in someone's house without permission. Social rules are an important part of our culture as they passed down through history. The British have an expression for following these "unwritten rules": "When in Rome, do as the Romans do".
Неписаные правила Великобритании
Хорошие и плохие манеры составляют общественные нормы страны. Их нелегко выучить, потому что обычно о них не пишут в книгах. Эти правила также могут меняться с развитием общества. Например, английские женщины не ходили в пабы в начале столетия, так как это не считалось хорошим поведением для женщины. Сейчас и женщины и мужчины свободно пьют пабах, и женщины полностью включились в общественную жизнь. Приезжие часто удивлены странным поведением жителей Британии. Одна из ужасных ошибок - сесть в автобус, не выстояв очереди. Люди в очереди будут громко ругаться. Стояние в очереди - национальная привычка, и считается хорошей манерой вежливо дождаться своего череда.
Еда на улице в некоторых странах считается дурным тоном, хотя в Британии в порядке вещей увидеть людей, перекусывающих по дороге, особенно во время ленча. Британцы удивятся, увидев маленьких детей в ресторане вечером, потому что детей обычно поздно вечером не берут в ресторан. И если они шумят в обществе или ресторане -это признак невоспитанности. В последние годы дети играют более активную роль, и сейчас их пускают во многие вабь, к рестораны.
В последние годы курение стало дурным тоном, и сейчас мало англичан курят. Многие компании запретили курение в офисах и столовых. Курение сейчас запрещено в лондонском метро, в кино и театрах и в большинстве автобусов. Становится все более и более неприемлемым курить в общественном месте. Считается грубостью и плохой манерой курить в чьем-нибудь доме без разрешения. Общественные нормы - важная часть нашей культуры, так как они прошли через историю. У британцев есть выражение для следования этим неписаным правилам: "Если ты в Риме, делай по-римски".
USA.
The USA is composed of 50 states. It occupies the central part of North American continent. It borders on Canada in the north and on Mexico in the south.
The waters of the Atlantic Ocean wash the USA in the east and the waters of the Pacific Ocean wash the country in the west. The Hawaiian Islands are in the Pacific Ocean. They became the 50th state of the USA in 1958. The total area of the country is 9000 square kilometers. The population is more then 200 million people.
Washington is the capital of USA. English is the official language. The flag of the USA known as the “Stars and Stripes”.
The Rocky Mountains extend from Alaska through the USA to Mexico, but greater part of the country is a plain. Where are many rivers in USA and the longest is Mississippi. The country has every variety of climates: from climate of the tropics to that of the Atlantic regions. The USA economy grew greatly during the world wars. When big American monopolists got great profits.
The country is rich in mineral resources, heavy industry prevails in the USA economy, including mining metallurgical, machine building, chemical industries. Light and food industries are wheel developed too.
The USA is the federate republic. The president is the heard of the state. He is also commander –in –chief of army and navy. The highest legislative organ in the country is the congress, which consists of the senate and House of Representatives.
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