Political system of Great Britain
The UK is a constitutional monarchy. The Queen is head of the State, but she has little direct power.
The constitution has 3 branches: Parliament, which makes laws, the government, which “executes” laws and the courts, which interprets laws.
The Parliament consists of the House of Commons, the House of Lords and the Queen.
The House of Lords has very little power and consists of more than 1000 hereditary lords and peers.
The function of the House of Lords is debating a bill after the House of Commons.
Members are not elected, they sit there because of their rank and the chairman of the House of Lords is the Lord Chancellor (he sits in special sit, called Woolsack).
The House of Commons has true power. It is made up of 650 Members of Parliament. Members are elected by the people.
The function of the House of Commons is introducing and debating the Bills.
The chairman of the House of Commons is the Speaker.
Parliament has a maximum duration of 5 year. The election campaign lasts about 3 weeks; the British parliamentary system depends on political parties. The party which wins the majority of seats forms the government and its leader usually becomes Prime Minister. The Prime Minister chooses about 20 Members of Parliament from his party and forms his cabinet of ministers. The second largest party becomes the official opposition with its own leader and “shadow cabinet”.
The session is opened by the Queen. Each session lasts for 160-175 days.
There are 2 leading parties in GB: the Conservative Party (the Tories) and the Labour Party. (The Liberal and the Social-Democratic party)
(The Green Party, the Communist Party, the Nation Front)
Tony Blair is the leader of the labour Party and Britain’s Prime Minister.
Political system of the USA
The USA is a federal republic consisting of 50 states. Each state has its own government. In some ways the USA is like 50 small countries.
The government of the USA act according to the Constitution which was signed in 1787. According to the Constitution the USA is a republic and there is a federal system of government. So, the officials of any rank are elected by US citizens, from 18.
The federal power is located in Washington, D.C. It is based on legislative, executive and judicial branches of power.
The legislatives power is vested in Congress, which consists of 2 houses: the Senate, which makes lows and the House of Representatives, which introduce legislation, established federal taxes. There are 435 members in the House of Representatives and 100 senators in Congress. Each state elects 2 senators. They are elected for 6 years. Representatives to Congress are elected every 2 years.
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The executive branch is headed by the President who is assisted by the Vice President. The President enforces federal laws, commanded of the Armed Forces. The President can veto a bill unless congress by a 2-3s vote shall overrule him. The Vice President acts as chairman of the Senate, and in the event of the death of the President, assumes the Presidency. The President of the USA is chosen in nation-wide elections every 4 years together with the Vice President. The President can’t to be elected more than twice.
The judicial branch is made up of Federal District Courts, 11 Federal Courts and the Supreme Court. Federal judges are appointed by the President for life. Federal Courts decide cases involving federal law, conflicts between citizens of different states and watches over the other 2 branches. 00000000000
The national presidential election consists of 3 stages. The Primaries, the Conventions and the General election.
USA has 2 party system. There are 2 leading parties: The Democrats (are associated with labor) and the Republicans (are associated with business and industry).
The Problem of Environmental Protection in Great Britain
Environmental protection is an international issue of great importance and Great Britain pays much attention to it. There are nearly 500 000 protected buildings and 7000 conservation areas of architecture of historical interest in Britain. The Government supports the work of the voluntary sector in preserving the national heritage.
Total emissions of smoke in the air have fallen by 85 per cent since 1960. Most petrol stations in Britain stock unleaded petrol. The Government is committed to the control of gases emission, which damage the ozone layer.
They also contribute to the greenhouse effect, which leads to global warming and a rise in sea levels. Britain stresses the need for studying the science of climate change.
Green belts are areas where land should be left open and free from urban sprawl. The Government attaches great importance to their protection. National parks cover 9 per cent of the total land area of England and Wales. The National Rivers Authority protects island waters in England and Wales.
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In Scotland the River purification authorities are responsible for water pollution control. Great Britain takes care of it's environment for themselves and next generations.
Проблема защиты окружающей среды в Великобритании
Защита окружающей среды — международное дело огромной важности, и Великобритания уделяет этому большое внимание. В Британии около 500 000 зданий, которые охраняются государством, и 7000 закрытых зон, представляющих архитектурный и исторический интерес. Правительство поощряет работу добровольцев по сохранению национального наследия.
С 1960 года общий выброс дыма в атмосферу снизился на 85%. Большинство бензоколонок в Великобритании продает бензин без примеси свинца. Правительство контролирует выброс газов, которые разрушают озоновый слой.
Они также способствуют парниковому эффекту, что ведет к глобальному потеплению и поднятию уровня моря. Британия подчеркивает необходимость изучения науки об изменениях климата.
Зеленые пояса — это области, где земля должна оставаться свободной от городских застроек. Государство придает большое значение их защите. Национальные парки составляют 9% общей площади Англии и Уэльса.
В Шотландии общество по очистке рек контролирует загрязнение воды. В Великобритании заботятся об окружающей среде ради самих себя и будущих поколений.
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