Radio and television as kind of mass media
One of the most wonderful discoveries made by man is radio. It is the wireless transmission of signals or sounds through free space. By all means, it is something worth using. Many famous scientists have worked on the radio creation, including Nicola Tesla and Thomas Edison. However, the first radio receiver was introduced by Russian physicist Alexander Popov in 1895. Since its appearance, radio has been used for various purposes. Its early uses include sending telegraphic messages with the help of Morse code. It was also used during the wars for sending diplomatic and confidential messages. Before the advent of television, radio was used for broadcasting not only news and music, but dramas, comedies and other shows. From late 1920s till mid 1950s radio was the only means of mass media that used sound. Today, we use radio mainly for listening to music and the daily news. People who drive cars listen to it to get information about the road traffic. As for me, I like certain radio tunes, especially Europa Plus. I think it’s the best radio channel in our country. When I want to listen to English speech, I turn on the BBC channel. Mobile phones and MP3 players have made this even easier. I can listen to the radio anytime and anywhere I wish, not only at home or in my dad’s car. Radio is also one of the most powerful means of media. That’s why many large and small businesses advertise on radio nowadays. The thing I enjoy about radio is its entertaining power. There are many funny jokes, personal horoscopes, interactive games and interesting talk shows on the air.
Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)
The Republic of Sakha is the largest in territory, one of major economic subjects of the Russian Federation. It is situated in the north eastern part of the Asian continent. The territory of Yakutia within the limits of three time zones & the differences with Moscow time make +6, +7, +8. The republic of Sakha is composed of 33 provinse: абыйский, чурапчинский, таттинский. Алданский, оймяконский, Томпонский и т.д., Эвено-Бытантайский national district & two cities with the sub-ordinate territories – Yakutsk & Nerungri. The capital of Republic is the city Yakutsk. It is one of the oldest administrative, political, economic, cultural, scientific & educational centers in the north east of Russia. It was founded on the Lena river by Russian explorers in 1632. At 2010 the population of SR(Y) was estimated as 143000000. The population of the republic live in 676 localities the majority of which are rural (601). Nevertheless, 64/4 % of total population live in urban area.
|
|
|
Russia
To begin with I'd like to say that the Russian Federation is the largest country in the world. It occupies about one seventh of the earth's surface. It covers the eastern part of Europe and the northern part of Asia. Its total area is about 17 million square kilometers. The country is washed by 12 seas of 3 oceans: the Pacific, the Arctic and the Atlantic.
There are different types of climate in the various regions of Russia. It is very cold in Yakutia even in summer. Central Russia has mild climate: winters are quite cold, springs and autumns are cool and wet, summers are short & hot. There are a lot of mountains in Russia. The oldest ones and very rich in minerals are the Urals. There are many rivers in Russia, the longest ones are Volga in Europe and Yenisei and Ob in Asia. The deepest lakes are Baikal and Ladoga.
Moscow is the capital of our country. It was founded in 1147 by Yuri Dolgoruky. It is a busy commercial and industrial Megapolis and a nice city at the same time. There are a lot of art galleries, theatres, museums and monuments in Moscow. The most famous historical place is Moscow Kremlin, where there is the President resides and works. Russia is a parliamentary republic. The Head of State is the President. The legislative powers are exercised by the Dumа. Another point I want to deal with is the Russian language. Russian is the first language of more than 220 million of people throughout the world, and it is the official language of Russian Federation. Russian, in fact, is among the 4 most widely spoken languages in the world.
S s
Sanct-Peterburg
St-PB is the second largest city in Russia. Its population is about five million people. The city is situated on the east shorn of the golf of Finland of the Baltic Sea. St-PB stands on the river Neva in its delta. The river is seventeen four kilometers long. It is the main waterway of the city. Many centuries ago these lands belong to Novgorod principality, but it the 17-century they were sired by Sweden. When Peter the first came to Russian troun he launched the war against Sweden. This war lasted for 21 years. And known as a north war. After one of the important battles Peter the first ordered to put up the fortress to protect these lands. It was built on the Heir Island and known as Peter and Paul fortress. Soon Peter the first decided build a new big city here. He invited famous architectures to build the city. Now it is one of most big cities in the world. It is famous for its famous museums, parks and cathedrals.
|
|
|
C--PB - второй по величине город в России. Его население - приблизительно пять миллионов человек. Город расположен на востоке, который стригут гольфа Финляндии Балтийского моря. C--PB выдерживает на реке Неву в ее дельте. Река семнадцать четыре километра длиной. Это - главный водный путь города. Много столетий назад эти страны принадлежат Новгородскому княжеству, но это 17-века они были sired Швецией. Когда Питер первый прибыл в Российский troun, он начал(запустил) войну против Швеции. Эта война продолжалась в течение 21 года. И известный как северная война. После одного из важных сражений Питер первый заказанный поднимать крепость, чтобы защитить эти страны. Это было основано Остров Наследника и известно как Крепость Пауля и Питер. Скоро Питер первый решительный строит новый большой город здесь. Он пригласил известный architectures строить город. Теперь это - один из наиболее больших городов в мире. Это известно его известными музеями, парками и соборами.
|
|
|
Science
People have always been trying to explore the world and to understand natural laws. From antiquity, they asked inevitable questions: why the Sun rises in the morning and sets in the evening, why some plants are poisonous, is it possible to predict the weather? The first explanations were mythological: the world picture based on rites and irrational beliefs. Later, due to the birth of philosophy in the ancient Greece, people revealed another method of cognition able to change their destiny – rational scientific analysis.
The development of science determined the civilization’s life during centuries. Key scientific inventions and discoveries caused new stages of history. For example, the emergence of the steam engine and railways improved transport system incredibly; the discovery of electricity brought technic to a new level. The progress of medicine also depends on science: now it is impossible to imagine it without achievements of chemistry (anesthesia, various medicaments), physics (laser treatment, organ transplantation, blood transfusion), genetics (the fight against inherited diseases). Available results of scientific research (water supply, ballpoint pens, or computers) make our work and daily life more convenient.
Besides, a large part of our life is tied with humanitarian sciences: history, sociology, jurisprudence, etc. Their results are not obvious, but they affect the spirit sphere, our consciousness. Psychology deals with the complicated reality of people’s characters, emotions, and fears; philology studies language and literature as phenomena of our culture; philosophy examines existential and ethical issues. There are many different sciences, and each of them rediscovers something important and interesting for us.
Люди всегда пытались исследовать мир и понять законы природы. С древности они задавали неизбежные вопросы: почему Солнце восходит утром и заходит вечером, почему некоторые растения ядовиты, можно ли предсказать погоду? Первые объяснения были мифологическими: картина мира основывалась на ритуалах и иррациональных верованиях. Позже, благодаря рождению философии в Древней Греции, люди обнаружили другой способ познания, способный изменить их судьбу – рациональный научный анализ.
|
|
|
Развитие науки на протяжении веков определяло жизнь цивилизации. Ключевые научные изобретения и открытия обуславливали новые стадии истории. Например, появление парового двигателя и железных дорог невероятно усовершенствовало систему транспорта; открытие электричества вывело технику на новый уровень. Прогресс медицины тоже зависит от науки: сейчас невозможно представить её без достижений химии (анестезия, различные лекарства), физики (лазерное лечение, пересадка органов, переливание крови), генетики (борьба с наследственными заболеваниями). Доступные результаты научных исследований (водопровод, шариковые ручки или компьютеры) делают удобнее нашу работу и быт.
Кроме того, значительная часть нашей жизни связана с гуманитарными науками: историей, социологией, юриспруденцией и т.д. Их результаты не очевидны, но влияют на сферу духа, наше сознание. Психология взаимодействует со сложной реальностью человеческих характеров, эмоций и страхов; филология изучает язык и литературу как феномены нашей культуры; философия рассматривает экзистенциальные и этические проблемы. Существует много разных наук, и каждая из них открывает для нас заново что-то важное и интересное.
Seasons.
Winter, spring, summer and autumn are the seasons of the year. December, January and February are winter months The weather is cold usually it snows. The days are short and the nights are long. The rivers and lakes freeze and we can go skating and skiing. March, April and May are spring months. It is very nice season. The weather is fine it is warm. There are many green trees in the streets in the parks and in the yards. Some time it rains but usually the sun shines brightly. The birds return from the hot countries and make their nests. June, July and August are summer months. It is hot or warm. The days are long and the nights are short. There are many nice flowers in the parks and squares in the summer. The pupils do not go to school they have the summer holidays. June is the first month of summer. We have the longest day and the shortest night in the year on the 21st-22nd of June. July is the middle month of summer. It is hot and sun shines brightly. The sky is blue and cloudless. August is the last summer month some times it is cold in August, but it is many mushrooms, berries and fruits. September, October and November are autumn months. The weather is changeable. It often rains. You can see yellow, red, brown leaves everywhere. It is time for gathering the harvest.
Seasons and weather
There are four seasons in the year: winter, spring, summer and autumn. Each of them lasts three month. In Kazakhstan winter is usually a cold season. It often snows. The most unpleasant thing about winter is that the sun sets early and rises late – especially in December and January. The days are short, the sky is often grey, nature is slipping and sometimes it gets rather boring. But at the and of March the weather gets gradually milder. The sun shines more brightly. The days become longer. The snow begins melting. Spring comes and nature awakes after a long sleep of winter. All kinds of plants and flowers come out. The birds return from the South and build their nests. The farmers begin the sowing campaign. Everything around is full of life and joy. Spring is followed by summer. The weather gets still warmer and some times it is very hot. The sky is blue and cloudless. But sometimes there are storms with thunder and lightning. The gardens are gay with flowers all summer months. In summer people spend much time in the open air. Autumn comes in September. Early autumn is still the harvest time, the time when the fruits and vegetables become ripe. It is also a very beautiful time in the year, when the weather is still warm and the leaves change their colour for green to yellow. But towards the end of October the weather gets colder and colder. There is much rain and fog. Leaves fall from trees and cover the ground. Birds fly away to the warm countries. Low and heavy clouds hang in the sky. Nature slowly falls asleep for winter. In fact every season has its fine days and is pleasant in its own way. And it is not difficult to see this beauty.
Shopping
There are many shops and supermarkets in our city. They are Zangar, Ardager, Ramstor, Smat, Resey, Astana etc. My family has a shopping day. It is Saturday. We get up early in this day. Early to rise and early to bed makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise. My father and I usually go to Ramstor because it is near our house. In the morning we ask our mother what we need. We take bags and go to the shop. First of all we go to the butcher’s store. We buy sausage, meat, fish, and eggs there. In the baker’s store we buy sweets, cakes, rolls and buns. In the greengrocer’s store we buy fresh vegetables and fruits such as carrots, tomatoes, potatoes, onions, cucumbers, apples, lemons. An apple a day keeps the doctor away. Last week we had our mother’s birthday. We usually prepare for this holiday: we bought food and a present for her. We wanted to make her happy. She is the woman of taste, so we bought a perfume. She was so pleased and thanked for our shopping.
Shopping
I would like to tell you about shopping in the United Kingdom. Marks & Spencer is Britain's favourite store. Tourists love it too. It attracts a great variety of customers from house wives to millionaires. Princess Diana, Dustin Hoffman and the British Prime-minister are just a few of its famous customers. Last year it made a profit of 529 million pounds. Which is more than 10 million a week.
It all started 105 years ago when a young Polish immigrant Michael Marks had a stall in Leeds market. He didn't have many things to sell: some cotton, a little wool, lots of buttons and a few shoelaces. Above his stall he put the now famous notice: "Don't ask how much - it's a penny." Ten years later he met Tom Spencer and together they started Penny stalls in many towns in the North of England. Today there are 564 brances of Marks & Spencer all over the world: in America, Canada, Spain, France, Belguim and Hungary.
The store bases its business on 3 principals: good value, good quality and good service. Also, it changes with the times; once it was all jumpers and knickers. Now it is food, furniture and flowers as well. Top fashion designers advice on styles of clothes. Perhaps, the most important key to its success is its happy well-trained staff. Conditions of work are excellent. There are company doctors, dentists, hairdressers, etc. And all the staff can have lunch for under 40 pence.
Suprisingly tastes in food and clothes are international. What sells well in Paris, sells just as well in Newcastle and Moscow. Their best selling clothes are: for women - jumpers and knickers (M & S is famous for its knickers); for men - shirts, socks, pajamas, dressing gowns and suits; for children - underwear and socks. Best sellers in food include: fresh chickens, vegetables and sandwiches, "Chicken Kiev" is internationally the most popular convince food. Shopping in Britain is also famous for its Freshfood. Freshfood is a chain of food stores and very successful supermarkets which has grown tremendously in the twenty years since it was founded, and now it has branches in the High Streets of all the towns of any size in Britain. In the beginning the stores sold only foodstuffs, but in recent years they have diversified enormously and now sell clothes, books, records, electrical and domestic equipment. The success of the chain has been due to an enterprising management and to attractive layout and display in the stores. It has been discovered that impulse buying accounts for almost 35 per cent of the total turn over of the stores. The stores are organized completely for self-service and customers are encouraged to wander around the spaciously laid out stands. Special free gifts and reduced prices are used to tempt customers into the stores and they can't stand the temptation.
Socio-economic issues
Today’s world is changing rapidly because people want it to be better for them. At the same time the opinion of a single person does not play a big role nowadays. Very often we have to accept different processes which take place on the Earth even if we don’t like them because the majority of people want them to be. There are not changes which are good for everyone. One of the most arguable processes is globalization.
At a glance, the globalization can solve all our economic and social problems at a blow. As a matter of fact, globalization hurts some people.
To avoid jumping in conclusions about globalization we should make out how it influences the life of a single person, for example me.
First, globalization gives me an opportunity to be closer to my relatives and friends. In our big country it is very important. For instance, I can wish my friends happy new year using the internet, wherever they are. We can ask each other for help, cheer each other up if we have any problems.
On the other hand, since I got the Internet I have had less communication personally with people. I have forgotten how to give a hearty welcome to my friends. Furthermore, it had been much easier for me to reach an understanding with any person before I got the computer than today.
Second, globalization helps me in education at all points. I suppose I have never had such a good chance to be well-educated as in the era of globalization. If I lived thirty years ago I would not be able to participate in international education programs andcompetitions, to have practice in specialization abroad, to apply to my foreign colleague for advice through the Internet. All this things are so common today that I can’t imagine my life without them.
Of course, globalization gives me an opportunity to get a good education. In particular, the Internet makes my studying at the University easier. But I have noticed that sometimes I forget the proverb “A cat in gloves catches no mice” and rely on the internet too much. But it’s not a big problem. We should just remember that if we wanted other people to make our work instead of us we would have no chance to achieve our aim.
Third, globalization gives me freedom. No one can clip my wings. I choose everything myself: my living place, a place for holidays, and the country which produces the products I consume.
This fact gives us more opportunities to develop ourselves in any direction we want. Using the experience of the specialists all over the world I can become a good professional. Then, if I am really good at my deal I will be able to work where I want. So, in the era of globalization I can make a very good career.
But globalization means competition as well. There are a lot of people who want to achieve the same aims as I want. Unfortunately, the number of places under the sun is limited. This fact means that it may be difficult even for a good specialist to find the work he or she likes.
So, globalization is very ambivalent process. It makes my life much more interesting and comfortable. Thanks to the Internet I am so close to my relatives as never before. I can get any information I need. I can stay in any place I want. On the other hand, if we rely on the advantages on globalization too much, there are several negative aspects of this process.
Современный мир изменяется очень быстро, потому что люди хотят сделать его лучше для себя. В то же время, мнение отдельного человека не имеет большого значения. Очень часто нам приходится мириться с происходящими на Земле процессами, которые нам не нравятся, потому что большинству людей такая ситуация по душе. Не может быть изменений, которые были бы хороши для всех. Одним из наиболее спорных процессов является глобализация.
На первый взгляд, глобализация – лучшее лекарство от всех наших экономических и социальных проблем сразу. На самом деле, некоторые люди страдают от глобализации.
Чтобы избежать поспешных выводов о глобализации, мы должны рассмотреть ее влияние на жизнь отдельного человека, например, на мою жизнь.
Во-первых, глобализация дает мне возможность быть ближе к моим родственникам и друзьям. Это очень важно в нашей огромной стране. Например, используя интернет, я могу поздравить моих друзей с Новым Годом, где бы они ни были. Мы можем попросить друг друга о помощи, подбодрить друг друга, если у нас проблемы.
С другой стороны, с тех пор, как я начал пользоваться интернетом, я стал меньше общаться с людьми лицом к лицу. Я разучился встречать гостей. Более того, до появления у меня дома компьютера я гораздо лучше умел находить общий язык с людьми, чем сейчас.
Во-вторых, глобализация во всех отношениях помогает мне в учебе. Я думаю, у меня никогда не было лучшего шанса получить достойное образование, чем в эпоху глобализации. Если бы я жил тридцать лет назад, у меня не было бы возможности поучаствовать в международных образовательных программах и конкурсах, пройти практику заграницей, используя интернет, обратиться к моему коллеге из другой страны за помощью. Все эти вещи настолько обыденны сегодня, что я не могу представить мою жизнь без них.
Бесспорно, глобализация дает мне возможность получить хорошее образование. В частности, интернет делает легче мое обучение в университете. Но я заметил, что иногда я забываю поговорку «без труда не выловишь и рыбку из пруда» и слишком полагаюсь на интернет. Но это не такая уж большая проблема. Мы всего лишь должны помнить, что, если мы хотим, чтобы другие люди делали нашу работу за нас, у нас нет никакого шанса достигнуть наших целей.
В-третьих, глобализация дает мне свободу. Никто не может подрезать мне крылья. Я могу самостоятельно выбирать все: место, где я буду жить, страну, в которой буду отдыхать, страну-производителя продуктов и вещей.
Это дает нам возможность развиваться в том направлении, в котором мы хотим. Используя опыт всех специалистов мира, я могу стать профессионалом в моем деле. Затем, если я хорош в моем деле, я смогу работать там, где захочу. Таким образом, в эпоху глобализации я могу сделать хорошую карьеру.
Но, в то же время, глобализация означает конкуренцию. Многие хотят достичь таких же целей, что и я. Но, к сожалению, мест под солнцем мало. Я сам за себя. Это означает, что даже хороший специалист может не найти работу себе по душе.
Таким образом, глобализация – очень противоречивый процесс. Она делает мою жизнь намного интереснее и комфортнее. Благодаря интернету, я так близок к моим родственникам и друзьям, как никогда ранее. Я могу найти любую информацию, которая мне нужна. Я могу жить там, где захочу.
С другой стороны, если мы будем слишком сильно полагаться на дары глобализации, она сделает нашу жизнь хуже для нас.
Дата добавления: 2020-04-08; просмотров: 160; Мы поможем в написании вашей работы! |
Мы поможем в написании ваших работ!