The World Community. International Organisations
International organization is the process by which states establish and develop
formal, continuing institutional structures for the conduct of certain aspects of their relationships with each other. It represents a reaction to the extreme decentralization of the traditional system of international relations and an effort by statesmen to adapt the mechanics of that system to the requirements posed by the constantly increasing complexity of interdependence of states. Particular international organizations may be regarded as manifestations of the organizing process on the international level.
In the late 18th century, German philosopher Immanuel Kant proposed a federation or "league" of the world's nations. Kant believed that such a federation would allow countries to unite and punish any nation that committed an act of aggression. This type of union by nations to protect each other against an aggressor is sometimes referred to as collective security. Kant also felt that the federation would protect the rights of small nations that often become pawns in power struggles between larger countries.
The United Nations (UN) is one of the most influential organizations in International Community. Its foundation is the result of a long history of efforts to promote international cooperation. Its mission is to maintain world peace, develop good relations between countries, promote cooperation in solving the world's problems, and encourage respect for human rights. It was established in 1945 with the intention to preserve the wartime alliance of the USA, USSR, and Britain. A lot of countries joined the UN for international peace, security and cooperation. The UN is an alliance of countries that agree to cooperate with one another. It brings together countries that are rich and poor, large and small, and have different social and political systems. Member nations pledge to settle their disputes peacefully, to refrain from using force or the threat of force against other countries, and to refuse help to any that opposes UN actions. As of 1997, the UN had 185 members, including nearly every country in the world.
The headquarters of the UN and the Secretary General of the UN are in New York City. The UN General Assembly has one member from each member state who meet annually for a session. Decisions on many important issues are taken by voting. The UN Security Council is the most powerful body of the UN, because it can undertake investigations into international disputes. Member states contribute financially to the funds of the UN. These funds respectively finance the programs of assistance carried out by the UN intergovernmental agencies, for example the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF).
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The United Nations is an organization of sovereign nations representing almost all of humanity. It has as its central goal the maintenance of international peace and security. Additionally, its purposes call for the development of friendly relations among nations based on equal rights and self-determination of peoples and, through international cooperation, the solution of problems of an economic, social, cultural and humanitarian nature.
The United Nations is the meeting-place where representatives of all member states – great and small, rich and poor, with varying political views and social systems – have a voice and an equal vote in shaping a common course of action.
The United Nations has played, and continues to play, an active role in reducing tension in the world, preventing conflicts and putting an end to fighting already under way.
There are six main organs of the United Nations – the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council, the Secretariat and the International Court of Justice. The Court has its seat at the Hague, Netherlands. All other organs are based at the United Nations Headquarters in New York.
Members of the General Assembly talk to each other in many languages, but officially there are only six – Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish.
The Secretariat services the other organs of the United Nations and administers the programs and policies laid down by them. Over 20,000 men and women are employed by the United Nations with about one-third of them at the Headquarters and the other two-thirds are spread around the globe. Staff members are recruited primarily from member states and are drawn from more than 140 nations. As international civil servants, each takes an oath not to seek or receive instructions from any government or outside authority.
Working for the United Nations, mostly ''behind the scenes" at the Headquarters, are linguists, economists, editors, social scientists, legal experts, librarians, journalists, statisticians, broadcasters, personnel officers, administrators and experts in all the varied fields of activity covered by the United Nations. They prepare the reports and studies requested by various bodies of the United Nations; they issue press releases and produce publications, broadcasts and films giving information about the United Nations; and they perform the administrative duties needed to implement resolutions adopted by the various organs. In addition, there are stenographers, clerks, engineers and technicians, tour guides and also a body of security officers in blue-grey uniforms who are responsible for the security of the United Nations Headquarters.
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The head of the United Nations Headquarters’ Secretariat is the Secretary-General. The main Headquarters of the United Nations are based in New York. The United Nations Organization Secretariat occupies the higher building. The General Assembly is held in the lower building.
Specialized agencies of the United Nations are UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) and UNICEF (the United Nations Children Fund).
The main objective of UNESCO is to contribute to peace and security in the world by promoting collaboration among nations through education, science, culture and communication in order to further universal respect for justice, for the rule of law and for the human rights and fundamental freedoms, which are affirmed for the peoples of the world, without distinction of race, sex, language or religion, by the Charter of the United Nations.
The main goals of UNICEF are central to the program of action adopted by the nations of the world at the UN Special Session on Children 2002. Today UNICEF has five priorities, all of which focus on saving children's lives and improving their chances of becoming productive citizens. UNICEF's first priority is early childhood care, the second is immunization, the third priority is education for all children, with a special emphasis on girls, the fourth is preventing the spread of HIV/AIDS among young people and the final priority is the protection children from exploitation, abuse and violence.
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According to opinion polls, falling of the birth rates, threaten of the rapid growth of HIV/AIDS and sexually transmitted infections, rising rates of substance abuse, the informal privatization of education and health services are main causes of the young people's desire to leave our country in case of opportunity to receive higher education or job abroad.
The importance of international organizations for the development of the world community is hard to overestimate. Introduced originally as arrangement for cooperation among states, international organization can be said to rest upon a dualistic conception of international relations. It acknowledges both conflictual and cooperative relationships as basic features of the multistate system. In principle, international organization represents an attempt to minimize conflict and maximize collaboration among participating states, treating conflict as an evil to be controlled and cooperation as a good to be promoted. In these terms, international organization denies both inevitability of war and other manifestations of hostility among nations and expresses a commitment to the harmonization of international relations.
COMPREHENSION
Understanding the reading
2.4.1 Give extensive answers to the questions. Use the following expressions to present your answers:
· It ran through my mind that…
· Beyond the shadow of a doubt…
· To begin with…
· I am afraid I don’t know…
· Frankly speaking, I am in a real predicament…
1. What kind of process is international organization?
2. Who proposed a federation or "league" of the world's nations. Why?
3. What is the United Nations?
4. What are its purposes?
5. Do all the representatives have equal votes in shaping a common course of action in the UN?
6. How does the UN reduce tension in the world?
7. What organs does the UN conclude?
8. What languages are used in the UN?
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9. How many people are employed by the UN?
10. What oath do the international civil servants take?
11. Who is at the head of the Secretariat?
12. Where are the main Headquarters of the UN based?
13. Do you think international organization is doing a good job in trying to solve global problems? Why?
14. What is meant under dualistic conception of international relations?
15. What does international organization deny?
16. What commitment does international organization express?
Scanning
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