UNIT 2 INTRODUCTION INTO SOCIOLOGY 8 страница
1. What kind of science is sociology?
2. Who is respectful of common-sense knowledge of a social situation?
3. What can be said about an abstract man?
4. To understand how people behave and how they change, thesocial context must be closely observed, mustn’t it?
Ex. 6. Match the beginnings (1-13) and ends of the sentences (a-m):
1. Sociology is ...
2. It occupies a prime position among...
3. The subject-matter of sociology is ...
4. The scope of sociology is extremely wide, ...
5. The aims of sociology are ...
6. According to one approach to sociology, ...
7. As for another approach, ...
8. A sociologist who is taking part in a research ...
9. Almost everyone has ...
10. Sociological research is to be ...
11. Sociology must often go beyond ...
12. To understand how people behave, ...
13. The acting person is a ...
a) ...sociology is a guide for ordinary people to understand what is
happening to them and how their social world operates.
b) ...specific human being who pursues goals, interprets experi-
ence, responds to opportunities and confronts difficulties.
c) ranging from the analysis of everyday happenings with people
in the street up to the investigation of global social processes.
d) ...one of the social sciences.
e) the social context must be closely observed.
f) ... such social disciplines as anthropology, economics and polit-
ical sciences.
g) behaviour of people as social beings, human social life, groupsand societies, social context, men and groups in action, human interaction, etc.
h) should use a common sense question “so what?”.
i) it is the scientific study of society and social behaviour.
j) to discover the basic structure of human society, to identify the
main forces that hold groups together or weaken them, to learn what conditions transform social life.
k) everyday life categories and must invent new categories to in-
terpret events in a fresh light.
l) some specialized knowledge of a social situation: a family, a
work setting or a life style.
m) more critical and more systematic.
Ex. 7. Fill in the following chart:
| Sociology as one of the social sciences | |
| The subject-matter of sociology | |
| The aims of the science | |
| Approaches to sociology |
Ex. 8. Make a short summary of the text.
Text 2
Sociology
Warm-up. Recall the answers to the following questions (from the previous text):
1. What sort of science is sociology?
2. What does it study?
3. What are its aims?
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4. What approaches to sociology do you know?
Pre-Reading Activities
Ex. 1. Pay attention to the usage of the following structure:
It is Peter who helps me with my English. – Именно (только) Петр помогает мне по английскому языку.
It is in 1990 that I met him. – Как раз в 1990 году я его и встретил.
Use the special construction and make the words in bold type emphatic:
Model. I met him in Moscow in 1990.
It was in 1990 that I met him.
It was in Moscow that I met him.
It was he whom I met in Moscow in 1990.
1. Last year his friend took up history as his future speciality.
2. My teacher advised me to enter the History Faculty when I was leaving school.
3. The country was proclaimed a republic as a result of the revolution.
4. I have a special liking for ethnography.
5. We passed over to the study of ancient Greece after we were through with the study of ancient Rome.
6. She did not attend classes because she was taken ill
7. In two years I am going to major in ancient languages.
Ex. 2. Study the usage of the adjectives ‘former’ and ‘latter’:
Two specialists were invited: Mr. Brown and Mr. Smith. The former is an engineer, the latter is an economist. – Были приглашены два специалиста: г-н Браун и г-н Смит. Первый – инженер, второй – экономист.
Make the right choice:
1. I’ve got two brothers, Paul and Peter. The (former, latter) is anengineer and lives in the North, the (former, latter) is a teacher who lives in the Crimea.
2. Mrs. Johnson introduced her two sons. The (former, latter) worked as an accountant, the (former, latter) was a tailor.
Ex. 3. Read out:
a) the words denoting social sciences;
b) the words denoting scientists:
Aim, goal, sociology, science, anthropology, sociologists, analysis, to pursue, historians, cucumbers, potatoes, psychologists, economy, purpose, tomatoes, political scientists, an engineer, society, human society, economists, criminologists, political views, plumber, anthropologists, anthropology, behaviour, criminology, tests, methods, research, political science, the past, history
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Ex. 4. Read the text and answer the following questions:
1. What did the first sociologists study?
2. What do all the social sciences study?
3. What is the aim of sociologists?
The name sociology was first suggested in the 1830s by the French philosopher Auguste Comte, but for many years it remained[8] only a suggestion. Comte urged[9] others to study sociology. It was not until late in the 19th century that we can identify people who called themselves sociologists and whose work contributed[10] to the development of the field. Among these were Herbert Spencer in England who published the first of his three-volume “Principles of Sociology” in 1876 and Ferdinand Tonnies in Germany. A decade[11] later, Emile Durkheim published “Suicide”. The first sociologists studied moral statistics. Their work proved so popular that it led to the rapid expansion[12] of census questions. However, sociology as an academic speciality was imported from Germany. The progressive uncovering of social causes of individual behaviour – in response to the questions raised by moral statistics – produced the field called sociology.
Sociology is one of the related fields known as the social sciences. They share the same subject matter: human behaviour. But sociology is the study of social relations, and its primary subject matter is the group, not the individual. There is a close connection between sociology and other disciplines such as psychology, economy, anthropology, criminology, political science, and history. But sociologists differ from psychologists because they are not concerned exclusively with the individual, they are interested in what goes on between people. They differ from economists by being less interested in commercial exchanges; they are interested in the exchange of intangibles[13] such as love and affection[14] . Sociologists differ from anthropologists primarily because the latter specialize in the study of proliferate[15] and primitive human groups, while sociologists are interested in modern industrial societies. Criminologists specialize in illegal behaviour, while sociologists are concerned with the whole range of human behaviour. Similarly, political scientists focus on political organization and activity, while sociologists survey all social organizations. Finally, sociologists share with historians an interest in the past but are equally interested in the present and the future.
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Sociology is a broader discipline than the other social sciences. In a sense, the purpose of sociologists is, in general, to find the connections that unite various social sciences into a comprehensive, integrated science of society. Sociology consists of two major fields of knowledge: micro sociology and macro sociology. Micro sociologists study the patterns and processes of face-to-face interaction between humans. Macro sociologists attempt to explain the fundamental patterns and processes of large-scale[16] social relations. They concentrate on larger groups, even on whole societies. Sociologists attempt to use research to discover if certain statements about social life are correct. The basic tools[17] of their research are tests, questionnaires[18] , interviews, surveys[19], and public opinion polls[20] .
Text-based Activities Ex. 1. Answer the following questions:
1. Who was the first to suggest the name sociology?
2. Who were the first sociologists?
3. What were they mainly interested in?
4. What country was sociology as an academic discipline imported from?
5. What is the subject-matter of sociology?
6. What other disciplines is sociology closely connected with?
7. What differs sociology from psychology and anthropology?
8. What is the goal of sociologists?
9. What fields of knowledge does sociology consist of?
10. What are the basic tools of sociological research?
Ex. 2. Explain the difference concerning the subject-matter between:
a) sociology and economy;
b) sociology and criminology;
c) sociology and history.
Ex. 3. Prove by the facts that:
1. Sociology is a social science.
2. Sociology is a broader discipline than the other social sciences.3. Sociology is made up of micro sociology and macro sociology.
Ex. 4. Translate the following sentences into Russian:
To concern, a concern, concerning
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1. He was greatly concerned with the latest sociological research.
2. In their conversation they concerned a great number of vitalproblems.
3. His main concern was sociology.
4. They talked much concerning the main points of his report.
5. She was concerned with the problem of social relations at thehigh level of the society’s development.
Ex. 5. Answer: What are the social scientists concerned with? Use the words in the table.
Sociologists social institutions
Economists social relations Anthropologists are concerned with the individual
Criminologists are interested in group properties
Political scientists study commercial exchanges
Historians primitive human groups
group types group classification social groups illegal behaviour modern industrial societies the past
political organization and activity
Follow-up Activities Ex. 1. Speak on:
1. The origin of sociology.
2. Its subject-matter.
3. Differences and similarities of sociology and other social sciences.
4. Major fields of sociology.
5. Basic sociological research methods.
Ex. 2. Discuss in the group the following:
1. What do you think: sociology is a field of the arts or the sciences?
2. Can there be a civilization without the social sciences? Will itbe a rational and healthy society?
3. Your parents don't want you to study sociology. How would youpersuade them that this is your real vocation?
Ex. 3. Read the text and. say what part of the text characterizes the guiding principles of sociology.
Sociology, as a science, takes its point of departure from the materialist world outlook in its application to the solution of social problems. In this application sociology demonstrates its scientific character as it employs some guiding principles in the understanding of social affairs.
They are:
1) The society in its development is regulated by objective lawsdiscovered by science.
2) Views and institutions, political, ideological and cultural developments arise on the basis of the development of the material life of society. 3) Ideas and institutions, which thus arise on the basis of conditions of material life play an active role in the development of material life.
So, sociology studies regularities in social processes, connections between social events, which are independent of our consciousness and will, social relations and social institutions. Sociology is concerned, as well, with circumstances which give rise to the formation of aims and intentions in people's minds. Different people have different aims. This does not mean that individual psychologies differ, but it expresses the fact that people find themselves in different circumstances, with different interests arising from those circumstances.
Ex. 4. Imagine that you are a professor at an international university (most students of yours are foreigners). Deliver a lecture on the Introduction into Sociology. What will you tell your students about so that they could take notes? Use the prompts below.
Sociology as one of the social sciences, some facts from its history, the subject-matter of sociology, its aims, its connection with other social sciences, approaches to sociology, its fields, the basic methods of the science, etc.
Here is the list of words you have learnt in unit 2:
| Aim Analysis Anxiety Approach Aspiration Awareness Basic to behave behaviour boundary to characterize choice common sense to communicate community competence (to) condition to confront | context criterion datum (data) (to) demand to depend on disciplined to emerge emphasis environment social environment essential event expectation to meet the expectations experience extent frame frequently | ||
| general goal to go beyond group human being human society to identify identity social identity image impact individual influence position to pursue to respond to sociology source | subject of study subject-matter sociological society sciences to suggest a suggestion social relations to survey a survey purpose research test questionnaire interview public opinion poll census questions | ||
GRAMMAR EXERCISES
Past Forms. The Article
Past Simple A.
Ex.1. Read a sentence about the present and then write a sentence about the past.
Pattern: Granny usually gets up at 6.30. Yesterday she got up at 6.30.
1. Granny usually wakes up early. Yesterday morning___________
2. Granny usually walks in the garden. Yesterday_______________
3. Granny usually has a sandwich for lunch. Yesterday___________
4. Granny usually goes out in the evening. Yesterday evening______
5. Granny usually sleeps very well. Yesterday__________________Ex. 2. Put one of these verbs in each sentence: hurt, teach, spend, sell, throw, fall, catch, buy, cost
Pattern: I was thirsty, so I bought apple juice in the shop.
1. My father _____ me how to drive when I was 17.
2. James ______ down the stairs and ________ his leg.
3. We needed some money so we __________ our summer house.
4. They __________ a lot of money yesterday.
5. They ______ a dish washer which ____ 1000 rubles.
6. The boy _________ the ball to the dog and the dog _________ it.
Ex. 3. Write questions. A friend has just come back from Italy and you are asking him about it.
Pattern: What place/go? What place did you go to? The weather/fine? Was the weather fine?
1. how long/stay there?___________
2. stay in a hotel?_______________
3. go alone?___________________
4. how/travel?_________________
5. the food/good?_______________
6. what/do in the evenings?_______7. make any friends there?________ Ex. 4. Circle the correct form.
Pattern: I break /broke a cup yesterday.
Ann did not play/ hasn’t played tennis this morning.
1. Harry work / worked last Sunday.
2. I didn’t know / knew where I was.
3. I didn’t feel / felt well last night.
4. Ann come / came to see us at the weekend.
5. I didn’t see / saw Bill at the party.
6. Peter didn’t write / wrote to me for a long time.
7. The train did not arrive / arrives on time.
8. Mary didn’t like / likes / liked her teacher.
Ex. 5. Complete the sentences with affirmative(+) or negative (-) verbs.
Pattern: I didn’t break this window, but (the other one +) I broke the other one.
I worked last week, but (the week before-) I didn’t work the week before.
1. He didn’t change his trousers, but (his shirt +) _____________
2. She answered the first question, but (the others -) __________
3. He phoned her, but (go to her house -) ___________________
4. I didn’t bring any flowers, but (some chocolates +) _________
5. She didn't buy a coat, but (a very nice dress +) _____________
6. I ate the vegetables, but (the meat -) _____________________
7. We kept the photos, but (the letters -) ____________________
8. They didn’t speak English, but (German +) _______________
9. My grandfather shaved on weekdays, but (at weekends -) ____ Ex. 6. Make sentences using the prompts below as in the example.
1. Olivia’s room is clean now. (clean it/an hour ago) She cleaned it an hour ago.
2. Helen isn’t watching TV. (turn it off/half an hour ago)
3. Steve doesn’t go to the gym any more. (stop/six months ago)
4. Mary is eating the cake. (bake it half an hour ago)
5. Kim is having a party today. (arrange it/two weeks ago)
6. Rob doesn’t live here any more. (move/three days ago)
7. Peter’s house is tidy. (tidy it/two hours ago)
Ex. 7. Put the verbs in brackets into the past simple.
A. Lesley 1) bought (buy) her house two month ago. It is a beautiful cottage in the countryside However, when Lesley 2) (decide) to buy it, it 3) (need) a lot of work. First, she 4) (decorate) all the rooms. Then, she 5) (plant) lots of flowers in the garden. After that, she 6) (make) new curtains for all the windows. When it was ready she 7) (move) in. That was last week. Now, Lesley is very happy.
В. Claude Monet 1) was (be) a famous artist. He 2) (paint) lots of beautiful pictures in his lifetime. He often 3) (take) his paints and I a canvas into the countryside. He 4) (love) to paint trees and rivers during the different seasons of the year. Monet 5) (create) a new kind of art called Impressionism. He 6) (die) in 1926, but many people still visit museums and galleries to look at his pictures.
Ex. 8. Put the verbs in brackets into the past simple.
Ferdinand Magellan 1) was (be) a Portuguese sailor who 2) (want) to sail around the world. Emperor Charles V of Spain 3) (give) him five ships and two hundred and sixty-five Spanish sailor. They 4) (leave) Spain on 20th September, 1519 and 5) (begin) their long and dangerous journey.
On the Journey, Magellan 6) (discover) the Pacific Ocean. Unfortunately, he and many of the sailors 7) (die) in a battle on 27th April, 1521. After that, a Spanish sailor 8) (take) control of the ships and 9) (set off) to complete the voyage. Only one ship and sixteen men 10) (survive) the journey. They 11) (arrive) back in Spain on 6th September, 1522. They 12) (be) the first men to sail around the world.
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